Merge branch 'feat/m157-instargs-per-instance-launch-args-a'

crates/app-iced/src/app/state.rs

@@ -178,6 +178,12 @@ pub struct App {
     pub(super) account_form: pages::account::Form,
     /// 账户页视图模型（与 `view` 同一条「状态变了才重建」的门控）。
     pub(super) account: pages::account::Page,
+    /// 实例页「启动参数」区的表单（M157）：五项 + 脏标记 + 绑定的实例 id。
+    ///
+    /// 住在 `App` 的理由与 `download_draft` 完全一致：`refresh_view` 每次都整棵重建
+    /// `pages::Model`，用户正在输入的内容存不到视图模型里。重播种点在
+    /// [`App::refresh_view`]（`LaunchForm::sync`，换实例必重播种、同实例的脏草稿不覆盖）。
+    pub(super) launch_form: pages::LaunchForm,
     /// 皮肤/头像解码缓存（M114：同一张皮肤只解一次）。
     pub(super) avatars: pages::account::avatar::Cache,
     /// 上一次**真下发过**的圆角判定指纹（M116 r1 复审 P2-4：判定没变就不重下、不重记日志）。

crates/app-iced/src/app/state/construct.rs

@@ -124,6 +124,7 @@ impl App {
             agent_host: super::presenter::AgentHost::from_env(),
             // 下载页安装草稿（M105）：出厂态 = 没选中、原版、两个空串
             download_draft: pages::InstallDraft::default(),
+            launch_form: pages::LaunchForm::default(),
             install_cancelled_seen: 0,
             content: pages::content::PageState::default(),
             account_form: pages::account::Form::new(),

crates/app-iced/src/app/state/refresh.rs

@@ -8,6 +8,8 @@ use unlucky_presenter::toast::ToastKind;
 
 use crate::pages;
 
+use unlucky_presenter::router::Route;
+
 use super::App;
 
 impl App {
@@ -52,10 +54,35 @@ impl App {
             self.lang(),
             &self.content,
         );
+        // M157：启动参数表单的重播种（换实例必重播种、同实例的脏草稿不覆盖）。
+        self.sync_launch_form();
         // 账户页（M114）：与 `view` 同一次门控重建（实现见 `view/account_page.rs`，
         // 皮肤解码走缓存，所以重复重建不重解图）。
         self.rebuild_account_page(width);
         self.view_dirty = false;
         self.refreshes += 1;
     }
+
+    /// 把详情页当前实例的启动参数快照灌进表单（唯一的重播种点，见 `pages/instances/state.rs`）。
+    ///
+    /// 不在详情页（或实例已不在快照里）时解绑：下次进详情页会重新播种，
+    /// 免得「A 的草稿被当成 B 的初值」。
+    fn sync_launch_form(&mut self) {
+        let Route::Detail(id) = self.state.route() else {
+            self.launch_form.bound = None;
+            return;
+        };
+        match self
+            .state
+            .instances
+            .iter()
+            .find(|instance| &instance.id == id)
+        {
+            Some(instance) => {
+                let view = instance.launch.clone();
+                self.launch_form.sync(&view);
+            }
+            None => self.launch_form.bound = None,
+        }
+    }
 }

crates/app-iced/src/app/tests.rs

@@ -12,6 +12,8 @@ use unlucky_presenter::settings_bridge::SettingsBridge;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod appearance;
 #[cfg(test)]
+mod instances_save_loop;
+#[cfg(test)]
 mod presenter;
 
 use super::message::Message;

crates/app-iced/src/app/tests/appearance.rs

@@ -202,13 +202,13 @@ fn the_settings_page_renders_the_real_appearance_group() {
     assert_eq!(app.view.screen, Screen::Settings);
     assert_eq!(app.appearance.selected_group, appearance::APPEARANCE_GROUP);
 
-    let _tree = pages::page_with_appearance(&app.ui, &app.view, &app.appearance);
+    let _tree = pages::page_with_appearance(&app.ui, &app.view, &app.appearance, &app.launch_form);
     drop(_tree);
 
     // 切分组：只改视图状态，不落盘（`Change::SelectGroup` 的 key() == None）。
     app.appearance.apply(Change::SelectGroup(0));
     assert_eq!(app.appearance.selected_group, 0);
-    let _tree = pages::page_with_appearance(&app.ui, &app.view, &app.appearance);
+    let _tree = pages::page_with_appearance(&app.ui, &app.view, &app.appearance, &app.launch_form);
 }
 
 /// **P2-2 的守门（复审 r1）**：面板 α 只作用到允许半透明的层。

crates/app-iced/src/app/tests/instances_save_loop.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,145 @@
+//! 「启动参数保存失败」的**整环**回归（M157 r4 复审 P3-a）。
+//!
+//! 仓里原来只有这条环的两半：`LaunchForm::sync` 的单测（本 crate 的 `pages/instances/state.rs`）
+//! 与「Save 只派发不清脏」（`app/update/instances.rs`）。两半各自绿，但**接线**（消息 →
+//! `dispatch` → 后端回事件 → `pump` → `refresh_view` → `sync_launch_form`）没有任何活着的断言。
+//! 把 `dirty = false` 提前到派发前，只有这条整环测试会红（单测两半都不会）。
+//!
+//! 造的后端与真 host 的失败路径同形：收到 `SetInstanceLaunchArgs` 只回一条 Toast（错误的用户
+//! 可见反馈），**不回** `InstancesChanged`——盘上没改，快照还是旧的。
+
+use std::cell::RefCell;
+use std::rc::Rc;
+
+use unlucky_design::color::SchemeFlavor;
+use unlucky_presenter::dto::{
+    AppCommand, AppEvent, Backend, CoreEvent, InstanceRuntime, InstanceSummary, LaunchArgsView,
+    LoaderInfo, LoaderKind,
+};
+use unlucky_presenter::router::Route;
+use unlucky_presenter::settings_bridge::SettingsBridge;
+use unlucky_presenter::toast::{Toast, ToastKind};
+
+use crate::app::message::Message;
+use crate::app::state::{App, TICK};
+use crate::cli::Options;
+use crate::pages;
+use crate::theme::Families;
+
+const FAMILIES: Families = Families {
+    text: "Segoe UI",
+    display: "Segoe UI",
+    mono: "Consolas",
+};
+
+/// 失败路径的后端：命令进台账；`SetInstanceLaunchArgs` 只回一条错误 Toast。
+#[derive(Debug, Default)]
+struct FailingSaveBackend {
+    dispatched: Rc<RefCell<Vec<AppCommand>>>,
+    queued: Vec<AppEvent>,
+}
+
+impl Backend for FailingSaveBackend {
+    fn drain_events(&mut self) -> Vec<AppEvent> {
+        std::mem::take(&mut self.queued)
+    }
+
+    fn dispatch(&mut self, command: AppCommand) {
+        self.dispatched.borrow_mut().push(command.clone());
+        if matches!(command, AppCommand::SetInstanceLaunchArgs { .. }) {
+            // 真 host 在 `dispatch_inner` 的 Err 分支只发 toast（不发 InstancesChanged）。
+            self.queued.push(AppEvent::Toast(Toast {
+                id: 0,
+                kind: ToastKind::Error,
+                text: "内存超出范围".to_string(),
+                remaining_ms: 0,
+            }));
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 盘上的实例快照：内存 4096、其余留空（= 保存失败时 pump 会带回来的那份）。
+fn snapshot() -> Vec<InstanceSummary> {
+    vec![InstanceSummary {
+        id: "survival".to_string(),
+        name: "生存".to_string(),
+        mc_version: "1.20.4".to_string(),
+        loader: LoaderInfo {
+            kind: LoaderKind::Vanilla,
+            version: String::new(),
+        },
+        last_played: None,
+        runtime: InstanceRuntime::Idle,
+        icon: None,
+        isolation: "isolated".to_string(),
+        version_id: "1.20.4".to_string(),
+        version_present: true,
+        launch: LaunchArgsView {
+            instance_id: "survival".to_string(),
+            memory_mb: Some(4096),
+            memory_effective_mb: 4096,
+            ..LaunchArgsView::default()
+        },
+    }]
+}
+
+fn app_with_snapshot() -> (App, Rc<RefCell<Vec<AppCommand>>>) {
+    let dispatched = Rc::new(RefCell::new(Vec::new()));
+    let backend = FailingSaveBackend {
+        dispatched: Rc::clone(&dispatched),
+        queued: vec![AppEvent::Core(CoreEvent::InstancesChanged(snapshot()))],
+    };
+    let app = App::with_presenter(
+        Options::default(),
+        FAMILIES,
+        SchemeFlavor::Light,
+        Box::new(backend),
+        SettingsBridge::memory_only(),
+    );
+    (app, dispatched)
+}
+
+/// **保存失败不许吃掉草稿**（整环）：输入 `4g` → 点保存 → 后端回错误事件 → pump 重建视图。
+///
+/// 抓得住：①`Save` 在派发前清脏（草稿被旧快照覆盖成 4096）；②`LaunchForm::sync` 去掉
+/// `matches` 判据（同样覆盖）；③`pump` 没把事件喂进 `apply`/`refresh_view`（表单不会被播种，
+/// 下面的前置断言会红）。
+/// 抓不住：真 host 的落盘失败（那是 `host::launch_args` 的单测射程）。
+#[test]
+fn failed_save_keeps_the_draft_through_the_whole_loop() {
+    let (mut app, dispatched) = app_with_snapshot();
+
+    // 首屏快照到位 → 自动选中 → 表单按盘上的值播种。
+    let _ = app.update(Message::Boot);
+    let _ = app.update(Message::Page(pages::Message::Navigate(Route::Detail(
+        "survival".to_string(),
+    ))));
+    app.advance(TICK);
+    assert_eq!(app.launch_form.memory, "4096", "首帧要按快照播种");
+    assert!(!app.launch_form.dirty);
+
+    // 用户把内存改成非法值（host 会拒），然后点保存。
+    let _ = app.update(Message::Page(pages::Message::Instances(
+        pages::InstanceMessage::Memory("4g".to_string()),
+    )));
+    assert_eq!(app.launch_form.memory, "4g");
+    let _ = app.update(Message::Page(pages::Message::Instances(
+        pages::InstanceMessage::Save,
+    )));
+    assert!(
+        dispatched
+            .borrow()
+            .iter()
+            .any(|command| matches!(command, AppCommand::SetInstanceLaunchArgs { .. })),
+        "保存要把命令派发出去"
+    );
+
+    // 失败回程：一条错误 Toast → pump → refresh_view → sync_launch_form（旧快照）。
+    app.advance(TICK);
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        app.launch_form.memory, "4g",
+        "保存失败后，pump 用旧快照把用户刚敲的内容冲掉了"
+    );
+    assert!(app.launch_form.dirty, "草稿还在，脏标记也不能掉");
+}

crates/app-iced/src/app/update.rs

@@ -48,6 +48,7 @@ mod boot_env;
 mod clock;
 mod content;
 mod download;
+mod instances;
 mod page_messages;
 mod settings;
 

crates/app-iced/src/app/update/instances.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,173 @@
+//! 实例页「启动参数」区的消息落点（M157）。
+//!
+//! 三件事：
+//! 1. **编辑**只改页面状态（`App::launch_form`）并置脏——不 dispatch，不打网络；
+//! 2. **保存**派一条 [`AppCommand::SetInstanceLaunchArgs`]（整份五项补丁），回程由
+//!    `InstancesChanged` 快照刷新页面（不做乐观回显，与 M90 的启动/停止同一条纪律）；
+//! 3. **恢复跟随全局**只清表单（仍需用户点保存）——「点一下就写盘」会让误触直接生效。
+//!
+//! 脏标记的清理点在保存之后：`refresh_view` 的 `LaunchForm::sync` 看到「同实例 + 脏」不会覆盖，
+//! 所以保存后要显式清脏，让下一次快照（host 写完文件回来的那份）重播种。
+
+use iced::Task;
+use unlucky_presenter::dto::{AppCommand, LaunchArgsPatch};
+
+use crate::pages::InstanceMessage;
+
+use super::super::message::Message;
+use super::super::state::App;
+
+impl App {
+    /// 启动参数区的一条消息。
+    pub(super) fn on_instance_message(&mut self, message: InstanceMessage) -> Task<Message> {
+        let Some(instance) = self.selected_instance_id() else {
+            return Task::none();
+        };
+        if !self.launch_form.bound_to(&instance) {
+            // 表单还没对着这个实例（首帧还没播种）：不接编辑，免得改到别的实例上。
+            return Task::none();
+        }
+
+        match message {
+            InstanceMessage::Jvm(text) => {
+                self.launch_form.jvm = text;
+                self.launch_form.dirty = true;
+            }
+            InstanceMessage::Game(text) => {
+                self.launch_form.game = text;
+                self.launch_form.dirty = true;
+            }
+            InstanceMessage::Memory(text) => {
+                self.launch_form.memory = text;
+                self.launch_form.dirty = true;
+            }
+            InstanceMessage::Java(text) => {
+                self.launch_form.java = text;
+                self.launch_form.dirty = true;
+            }
+            InstanceMessage::Backend(id) => {
+                self.launch_form.backend = id;
+                self.launch_form.dirty = true;
+            }
+            InstanceMessage::Reset => {
+                self.launch_form.reset();
+            }
+            InstanceMessage::Save => {
+                // **不在这里清脏**：`dispatch` 只是把命令送出去，落盘成败要等回程事件。
+                // 失败时（内存 `4g` / 写盘失败）pump 会带**旧快照**重建视图，脏标记若已清掉，
+                // `LaunchForm::sync` 就会用旧值覆盖用户刚敲的草稿（M157 r3 复审 P2-2）。
+                // 清脏的唯一时机是「回程快照已经等于表单」——见 `LaunchForm::sync`。
+                let patch: LaunchArgsPatch = self.launch_form.patch();
+                self.dispatch(AppCommand::set_launch_args(&instance, patch));
+            }
+        }
+        // 纯本地编辑：不重建视图模型（页面直接从表单画），只要一帧重绘即可——iced 在
+        // 消息处理完之后本来就会画一帧，所以这里什么都不排。
+        Task::none()
+    }
+
+    /// 详情页当前选中的实例 id（不在详情页时为 `None`）。
+    fn selected_instance_id(&self) -> Option<String> {
+        match self.state.route() {
+            unlucky_presenter::router::Route::Detail(id) => Some(id.clone()),
+            _ => None,
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use unlucky_design::color::SchemeFlavor;
+    use unlucky_presenter::dto::LaunchArgsView;
+    use unlucky_presenter::settings_bridge::SettingsBridge;
+
+    use crate::app::state::App;
+    use crate::cli::Options;
+    use crate::pages::{InstanceMessage, LaunchForm};
+
+    use crate::theme::Families;
+
+    const FAMILIES: Families = Families {
+        text: "Segoe UI",
+        display: "Segoe UI",
+        mono: "Consolas",
+    };
+
+    fn app_with_form() -> App {
+        let mut app = App::with_presenter(
+            Options::default(),
+            FAMILIES,
+            SchemeFlavor::Light,
+            Box::new(unlucky_presenter::mock::MockBackend::new()),
+            SettingsBridge::memory_only(),
+        );
+        // 进详情页 + 直接放一份「已播种」的表单：本测试只验消息落点，
+        // 不验播种（那在 `LaunchForm::sync` 的单测里）。
+        app.state.navigate(unlucky_presenter::router::Route::Detail(
+            INSTANCE.to_string(),
+        ));
+        app.launch_form = LaunchForm::from_view(
+            Some(INSTANCE),
+            &LaunchArgsView {
+                instance_id: INSTANCE.to_string(),
+                ..LaunchArgsView::default()
+            },
+        );
+        app
+    }
+
+    /// 测试用的实例 id（mock 后端的实例快照里有它）。
+    const INSTANCE: &str = "survival";
+
+    /// 编辑 → 脏；恢复 → 五项清空仍需保存；保存前不发命令。
+    #[test]
+    fn editing_marks_dirty_and_reset_waits_for_save() {
+        let mut app = app_with_form();
+        let _ = app.on_instance_message(InstanceMessage::Memory("6144".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(app.launch_form.memory, "6144");
+        assert!(app.launch_form.dirty);
+
+        let _ = app.on_instance_message(InstanceMessage::Backend("vulkan".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(app.launch_form.backend, "vulkan");
+
+        let _ = app.on_instance_message(InstanceMessage::Reset);
+        assert_eq!(app.launch_form.memory, "");
+        assert_eq!(app.launch_form.backend, "default");
+        assert!(app.launch_form.dirty, "恢复之后还得点保存才落盘");
+    }
+
+    /// 表单没绑定到当前实例时不接编辑（否则草稿会写到别的实例上）。
+    #[test]
+    fn edits_are_ignored_when_the_form_is_bound_elsewhere() {
+        let mut app = app_with_form();
+        app.launch_form = LaunchForm::from_view(
+            Some("other"),
+            &LaunchArgsView {
+                instance_id: "other".to_string(),
+                ..LaunchArgsView::default()
+            },
+        );
+        let _ = app.on_instance_message(InstanceMessage::Memory("9999".to_string()));
+        assert_eq!(app.launch_form.memory, "");
+        assert!(!app.launch_form.dirty);
+    }
+
+    /// **保存只派发、不清脏**（M157 r3 复审 P2-2）：落盘成败要等回程事件，
+    /// 派发前清掉脏标记会让失败后的重播覆盖用户草稿。
+    ///
+    /// 抓得住：Save 分支里又写回 `dirty = false`（那条路径在失败时丢草稿）。
+    /// 抓不住：回程事件的真实时序——清脏判据在 `LaunchForm::sync` 的
+    /// `confirmed_save_clears_dirty_and_reseeds` / `failed_save_keeps_the_draft` 里。
+    #[test]
+    fn save_dispatch_keeps_the_dirty_flag() {
+        let mut app = app_with_form();
+        let _ = app.on_instance_message(InstanceMessage::Memory("4g".to_string()));
+        assert!(app.launch_form.dirty);
+        let _ = app.on_instance_message(InstanceMessage::Save);
+        assert!(
+            app.launch_form.dirty,
+            "派发后仍要保留脏标记，等回程快照确认"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(app.launch_form.memory, "4g", "派发不改表单内容");
+    }
+}

crates/app-iced/src/app/update/page_messages.rs

@@ -88,6 +88,8 @@ impl App {
                 self.view_dirty = true;
                 self.refresh_view();
             }
+            // M157：实例页「启动参数」区（编辑写进页面状态；保存才派发命令）
+            pages::Message::Instances(message) => return self.on_instance_message(message),
             // M114：账户页（三轨登录 / 列表动作 / 表单输入）
             pages::Message::Account(message) => return self.on_account(message),
             // 还没接后端的占位动作：只打日志（哪几个、为什么，见 pages 模块文档的偏离登记）

crates/app-iced/src/app/view.rs

@@ -92,6 +92,8 @@ impl App {
                     },
                     // M106：设置页 General 组要画「当前档位 + 生效语言」。
                     self.language(),
+                    // M157：实例页「启动参数」区的表单（编辑态归 `App`，页面只借一帧）。
+                    &self.launch_form,
                 )
                 .map(Message::Page),
                 agent::docked(&self.ui, session, agent_catalog, self.width)

crates/app-iced/src/app/view/instances.rs

@@ -21,7 +21,7 @@
 use unlucky_i18n::{Catalog, Key};
 use unlucky_presenter::dto::{InstanceRuntime, InstanceSummary, LaunchStage, LoaderKind};
 
-use crate::pages::{Detail, Meta};
+use crate::pages::{Detail, LaunchFacts, Meta};
 
 /// 列表行的副文案：`1.20.4 · Fabric 0.16.5`（原版只写「原版 / Vanilla」，见 [`loader_badge`]）。
 pub(super) fn supporting_line(instance: &InstanceSummary, catalog: Catalog) -> String {
@@ -135,6 +135,17 @@ pub(super) fn detail_of(instance: &InstanceSummary, catalog: Catalog) -> Detail
             instance.runtime,
             InstanceRuntime::Busy { .. } | InstanceRuntime::Running { .. }
         ),
+        // M157：启动参数区的**只读事实**（门槛 / 生效值 / 三态词表全部来自 presenter 快照，
+        // 页面不复制任何一条判据；表单值在 `App::launch_form`）。
+        launch: LaunchFacts {
+            allowed: instance.launch.graphics_backend_allowed,
+            mc_version: instance.launch.mc_version.clone(),
+            min_version: instance.launch.graphics_backend_min_version.clone(),
+            memory_effective_mb: instance.launch.memory_effective_mb,
+            java_effective: instance.launch.java_effective.clone(),
+            backend_effective: instance.launch.graphics_backend_effective.clone(),
+            options: instance.launch.graphics_backend_options.clone(),
+        },
     }
 }
 

crates/app-iced/src/app/view/tests.rs

@@ -22,6 +22,7 @@ fn instance(runtime: InstanceRuntime) -> InstanceSummary {
         isolation: "isolated".to_string(),
         version_id: "1.20.4".to_string(),
         version_present: true,
+        launch: unlucky_presenter::dto::LaunchArgsView::default(),
     }
 }
 

crates/app-iced/src/pages/content/model/tests.rs

@@ -223,6 +223,7 @@ fn can_install_needs_a_selection_and_no_blockers() {
         isolation: "isolated".to_string(),
         version_id: "1.20.1".to_string(),
         version_present: true,
+        launch: unlucky_presenter::dto::LaunchArgsView::default(),
     }];
     let catalog = Lang::En.catalog();
     let page = PageState {

crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness.rs

@@ -62,6 +62,7 @@ use crate::renderer;
 use crate::shot;
 use crate::theme::Ui;
 
+use super::instances;
 use super::{app_with_appearance, demo_model, Model};
 
 mod app;
@@ -118,6 +119,8 @@ struct Harness {
     model: Model,
     /// 外观运行期状态（`--appearance=real`）；`None` = 设置页画演示行。
     appearance: Option<appearance::State>,
+    /// 实例页「启动参数」区的表单（M157）：harness 没有 `App`，自己持有演示表单。
+    form: instances::LaunchForm,
     window: Option<window::Id>,
     /// 窗口原生句柄（`window::raw_id` 的回值）。OS 侧密闭指标要在**真句柄**上读，
     /// 拿不到就留 `None` ⇒ 日志记 `unknown`（不是 `off`）。
@@ -308,7 +311,8 @@ impl Harness {
     }
 
     fn view(&self) -> Element<'_, Message> {
-        app_with_appearance(&self.ui, &self.model, self.appearance.as_ref()).map(Message::Page)
+        app_with_appearance(&self.ui, &self.model, self.appearance.as_ref(), &self.form)
+            .map(Message::Page)
     }
 }
 

crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness/app.rs

@@ -144,6 +144,7 @@ pub fn run(request: Request) -> Result<(), String> {
                         ui: Ui::new(boot.flavor, families),
                         model,
                         appearance: appearance.clone(),
+                        form: crate::pages::demo_launch_form(),
                         request: boot.clone(),
                         window: None,
                         hwnd: None,

crates/app-iced/src/pages/instances.rs

@@ -48,6 +48,8 @@
 mod data;
 mod demo;
 mod detail;
+mod launch_args;
+mod state;
 mod text;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
@@ -55,7 +57,8 @@ mod tests;
 
 #[cfg(test)]
 pub(crate) use data::{DEMO, NOTE, SELECTED};
-pub(super) use demo::demo;
+pub(crate) use demo::{demo, demo_form};
+pub use state::{LaunchForm, Message as InstanceMessage};
 pub(super) use text::Texts;
 
 use iced::widget::{column, container, row, scrollable};
@@ -97,7 +100,12 @@ pub(super) const LIST_BOTTOM_INSET: Space = Space::X2;
 ///
 /// 文案全部走 [`Texts`]（`model.lang` 的语言）：这个函数是实例页唯一的取词入口，
 /// 页面里不留任何可见英文字面量（守门见 `instances/tests/i18n.rs`）。
-pub fn view<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, metrics: FrameMetrics, model: &'a Model) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+pub fn view<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    metrics: FrameMetrics,
+    model: &'a Model,
+    form: &'a LaunchForm,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let block = &model.instances;
     let forced = model.forced;
     let texts = Texts::of(model.lang.catalog());
@@ -123,12 +131,12 @@ pub fn view<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, metrics: FrameMetrics, model: &'a Model) -> Element<
             metrics,
             list_column(ui, block, forced, texts),
             match &block.detail {
-                Some(detail) => detail::detail_column(ui, metrics, detail, forced, texts),
+                Some(detail) => detail::detail_column(ui, metrics, detail, form, forced, texts),
                 None => detail::detail_empty(ui, texts),
             },
         ),
         _ => match &block.detail {
-            Some(detail) => detail::narrow_detail(ui, metrics, detail, forced, texts),
+            Some(detail) => detail::narrow_detail(ui, metrics, detail, form, forced, texts),
             None => frame::body(metrics, detail::detail_empty(ui, texts)),
         },
     };

crates/app-iced/src/pages/instances/demo.rs

@@ -4,9 +4,11 @@
 //! 两份数据源喂同一个渲染函数，这是 [`crate::pages::model`] 存在的理由。
 
 use unlucky_i18n::{Catalog, Key, Lang};
+use unlucky_presenter::dto::LaunchArgsView;
 
-use super::super::model::{Detail, Instances, Meta, Row};
+use super::super::model::{Detail, Instances, LaunchFacts, Meta, Row};
 use super::data::{DEMO, NOTE, SELECTED};
+use super::state::LaunchForm;
 
 /// 演示路径的目录：**恒英文**。
 ///
@@ -51,6 +53,7 @@ pub(crate) fn demo() -> Instances {
         status: None,
         can_launch: true,
         can_stop: false,
+        launch: launch_facts(),
     };
 
     Instances {
@@ -65,3 +68,60 @@ fn meta(label: &str, value: &str) -> Meta {
         value: value.to_string(),
     }
 }
+
+/// 启动参数区的演示事实（M157 的 D30 出图夹具）。
+///
+/// `ULL_LAUNCH_ARGS_FIXTURE=gated` 出「版本不够、三态灰化」那一屏；缺省（`open`）是
+/// 「26.2 实例 + Vulkan 可选」的正常态。**这是出图夹具，不是产品逻辑**：产品路径的门槛
+/// 来自 presenter 快照（core 的 `graphics_backend_allowed`），与这个环境变量无关。
+pub(crate) fn launch_facts() -> LaunchFacts {
+    let gated = gated_fixture();
+    LaunchFacts {
+        allowed: !gated,
+        mc_version: if gated { "1.20.4" } else { "26.2-snapshot-2" }.to_string(),
+        min_version: "26.2-snapshot-2".to_string(),
+        memory_effective_mb: if gated { 2048 } else { 4096 },
+        java_effective: "C:/Java/temurin-21/bin/java.exe".to_string(),
+        backend_effective: if gated { "default" } else { "vulkan" }.to_string(),
+        options: ["default", "opengl", "vulkan"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|id| (*id).to_string())
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// 演示用的表单初值（页面状态的所有者是 `App`；harness 没有 `App`，自己持有一份）。
+///
+/// 返回**拥有**的表单而不是 `&'static`：`text_editor::Content` 内含 `RefCell`，不满足
+/// `Sync`，做不成 `static`；harness/测试各自持有即可（一帧借用一次）。
+pub(crate) fn demo_form() -> LaunchForm {
+    LaunchForm::from_view(Some(DEMO[SELECTED].name), &demo_view())
+}
+
+fn demo_view() -> LaunchArgsView {
+    let gated = gated_fixture();
+    LaunchArgsView {
+        instance_id: DEMO[SELECTED].name.to_string(),
+        jvm_args: "-XX:+UseG1GC".to_string(),
+        game_args: "--fullscreen".to_string(),
+        memory_mb: (!gated).then_some(4096),
+        memory_effective_mb: if gated { 2048 } else { 4096 },
+        java_path: String::new(),
+        java_effective: "C:/Java/temurin-21/bin/java.exe".to_string(),
+        graphics_backend: if gated { "default" } else { "vulkan" }.to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_effective: if gated { "default" } else { "vulkan" }.to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_allowed: !gated,
+        mc_version: if gated { "1.20.4" } else { "26.2-snapshot-2" }.to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_min_version: "26.2-snapshot-2".to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_options: ["default", "opengl", "vulkan"]
+            .iter()
+            .map(|id| (*id).to_string())
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+fn gated_fixture() -> bool {
+    std::env::var("ULL_LAUNCH_ARGS_FIXTURE")
+        .map(|value| value.trim().eq_ignore_ascii_case("gated"))
+        .unwrap_or(false)
+}

crates/app-iced/src/pages/instances/detail.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 //! → 一条分隔线 → 正文段 / 运行状态行 → 动作行（Duplicate / Open folder / Delete）。
 //! 窄窗（<840）时列表退成上一屏，本文件只画详情 + 一个「返回」按钮。
 
-use iced::widget::{column, container, row};
-use iced::{Alignment, Element, Length};
+use iced::widget::{column, container, row, scrollable};
+use iced::{Alignment, Element, Length, Padding};
 
 use unlucky_design::color::Role;
 use unlucky_design::spacing::Space;
@@ -23,6 +23,7 @@ use super::super::layout::{self, FrameMetrics};
 use super::super::model::Detail;
 use super::super::{Action, Message};
 use super::forced_state;
+use super::state::LaunchForm;
 use super::Texts;
 
 // --------------------------------------------------------------- 详情列
@@ -31,6 +32,7 @@ pub(super) fn detail_column<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     metrics: FrameMetrics,
     detail: &'a Detail,
+    form: &'a LaunchForm,
     forced: Option<Interaction>,
     texts: Texts,
 ) -> Element<'a, Message> {
@@ -43,15 +45,23 @@ pub(super) fn detail_column<'a>(
     .width(Length::Fill);
 
     body = push_text(ui, metrics, body, detail);
+    // M157：启动参数区在正文段之后、动作行之前（详情列 424px 内，卡片式）。
+    body = body.push(super::launch_args::section(ui, &detail.launch, form, texts));
 
-    // 页头 + 元信息网格 + **一条**分隔线以下才是正文与操作区（M84 那两条线是占位时期的排版残留）
-    frame::left_aligned(metrics.column, body.push(action_row(ui, forced, texts)))
+    // 页头 + 元信息网格 + **一条**分隔线以下才是正文与操作区（M84 那两条线是占位时期的排版残留）。
+    //
+    // M157 r2（D30 复审）：详情列的内容（正文段 + 启动参数卡 + 动作行）在 1180×1000 下**超出一屏**，
+    // 而这里原来没有滚动区 ⇒ Max memory 以下的控件被静默裁掉、够不着。现在整列套一个滚动区
+    // （与左列列表同一套滚动条样式与宽度），被裁内容可达；滚动条是唯一入口，没有第二份状态。
+    let content = body.push(action_row(ui, forced, texts));
+    frame::left_aligned(metrics.column, scroller(ui, content))
 }
 
 pub(super) fn narrow_detail<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     metrics: FrameMetrics,
     detail: &'a Detail,
+    form: &'a LaunchForm,
     forced: Option<Interaction>,
     texts: Texts,
 ) -> Element<'a, Message> {
@@ -74,6 +84,7 @@ pub(super) fn narrow_detail<'a>(
     .width(Length::Fill);
 
     body = push_text(ui, metrics, body, detail);
+    body = body.push(super::launch_args::section(ui, &detail.launch, form, texts));
 
     body = body.push(frame::text_role(
         ui,
@@ -83,7 +94,30 @@ pub(super) fn narrow_detail<'a>(
         ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant),
     ));
 
-    frame::body(metrics, body.push(action_row(ui, forced, texts)))
+    frame::body(
+        metrics,
+        scroller(ui, body.push(action_row(ui, forced, texts))),
+    )
+}
+
+/// 详情列的滚动区（M157 r2）：与左列列表同一套滚动条几何（宽 6 / 内缩 2 / 同一 `style`）。
+///
+/// 右侧留 `Space::X2` 内缩：滚动条是**覆盖**在内容上的，不留这条缝时卡片的 1dp 描边会被
+/// 滚动条压住（D30 复审里「卡片右边框缺一截」就是它）。
+fn scroller<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, content: impl Into<Element<'a, Message>>) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+    let content = container(content)
+        .width(Length::Fill)
+        .padding(Padding::default().right(ui.space(Space::X2)));
+    scrollable(content)
+        .direction(scrollable::Direction::Vertical(
+            scrollable::Scrollbar::new()
+                .width(frame::SCROLLBAR_WIDTH)
+                .scroller_width(frame::SCROLLBAR_WIDTH)
+                .margin(frame::SCROLLBAR_MARGIN),
+        ))
+        .height(Length::Fill)
+        .style(frame::scroll_style(ui))
+        .into()
 }
 
 /// 正文段（演示数据才有）与运行状态行（真数据才有）——两者都是可选的，顺序固定。

crates/app-iced/src/pages/instances/launch_args.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,213 @@
+//! 实例详情页的「启动参数」区（M157）。
+//!
+//! | 控件 | 语义 | 消息 |
+//! |---|---|---|
+//! | JVM 参数（多行） | 实例层，与全局 `java.extra_args` **叠加**（实例段最高优先级） | [`Message::Jvm`] |
+//! | 游戏参数（多行） | 实例层，追加在命令行最后 | [`Message::Game`] |
+//! | 最大内存（单行数字） | 实例层；留空 = 跟随全局默认 | [`Message::Memory`] |
+//! | Java 可执行文件（单行） | 实例层；留空 = 跟随全局 → 自动挑 | [`Message::Java`] |
+//! | 图形后端（三态 chips） | `default` / `opengl` / `vulkan`；**版本不够时整体灰化 + 提示** | [`Message::Backend`] |
+//!
+//! 两条判据刻意不在这里重算：
+//! 1. **能不能用 `--graphicsBackend`** 来自 [`LaunchFacts::allowed`]（core 的 `graphics_backend_allowed`，
+//!    presenter 的 host 已经算好）——UI 不复制版本号比较；
+//! 2. **生效值**（内存/Java/后端）同样来自 facts，表单里画的是实例层原文。
+//!
+//! 文案全走 [`Texts`]（守门见 `instances/tests/i18n.rs` 的白名单与死 key 扫描）。
+
+use iced::widget::{column, row};
+use iced::{Element, Length};
+
+use unlucky_design::color::Role;
+use unlucky_design::spacing::Space;
+use unlucky_design::typography::TypeRole;
+
+use crate::app::components::buttons::{self, Button};
+use crate::app::components::inputs::{text_field, Field};
+use crate::app::components::selection::{chip, Chip};
+
+use crate::theme::Ui;
+
+use super::super::model::LaunchFacts;
+use super::super::Message as PageMessage;
+use super::state::{LaunchForm, Message};
+use super::Texts;
+
+/// 页内消息 → 页面消息（本文件的控件树统一画 `pages::Message`）。
+fn page(message: Message) -> PageMessage {
+    PageMessage::Instances(message)
+}
+
+/// 「启动参数」区（在详情列的正文段之后、动作行之前）。
+pub(super) fn section<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    facts: &'a LaunchFacts,
+    form: &'a LaunchForm,
+    texts: Texts,
+) -> Element<'a, PageMessage> {
+    // 段间距 X2（8dp）：卡内 5 个字段 + 三态 + 动作行在 424 宽下已经很长，
+    // 用 X3 会让详情列更长一屏；行内间距仍是 X1（4dp），读起来不挤。
+    let mut body = column![frame_title(ui, texts.launch_title())]
+        .spacing(ui.space(Space::X2))
+        .width(Length::Fill);
+
+    body = body.push(args_field(
+        ui,
+        texts.launch_jvm(),
+        texts.launch_jvm_hint(),
+        form.jvm.as_str(),
+        |value| page(Message::Jvm(value)),
+    ));
+    body = body.push(args_field(
+        ui,
+        texts.launch_game(),
+        texts.launch_game_hint(),
+        form.game.as_str(),
+        |value| page(Message::Game(value)),
+    ));
+    body = body.push(text_field_with_hint(
+        ui,
+        texts.launch_memory(),
+        form.memory.as_str(),
+        super::super::frame::text_role_owned(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::BodySmall,
+            false,
+            texts.launch_memory_hint(facts.memory_effective_mb),
+            ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant),
+        ),
+        |value| page(Message::Memory(value)),
+    ));
+    body = body.push(text_field_with_hint(
+        ui,
+        texts.launch_java(),
+        form.java.as_str(),
+        super::super::frame::text_role_owned(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::BodySmall,
+            false,
+            texts.launch_java_hint().to_string(),
+            ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant),
+        ),
+        |value| page(Message::Java(value)),
+    ));
+    body = body.push(backend_row(ui, facts, form, texts));
+    body = body.push(actions_row(ui, texts));
+
+    // 与相邻信息卡**同一套**卡壳（`frame::card`：`card_padding` 21dp + OutlinedCard 的圆角/描边）。
+    super::super::frame::card(ui, body)
+}
+
+/// 卡片标题：**与信息卡的标签同款**（`LabelMedium` 不加粗、`OnSurfaceVariant`），
+/// 复审 ③⑤ 抓的就是这里（原来用了 `emphasized = true`，比同屏其它标签重一档）。
+fn frame_title<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, title: &'a str) -> Element<'a, PageMessage> {
+    super::super::frame::text_role(
+        ui,
+        TypeRole::LabelMedium,
+        false,
+        title,
+        ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant),
+    )
+}
+
+/// 一段参数输入 + 一行提示（单行受控输入；参数按空白切分，与 core 的 `tokenize` 同口径）。
+fn args_field<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    label: &'a str,
+    hint: &'a str,
+    value: &'a str,
+    on_input: impl Fn(String) -> PageMessage + 'a,
+) -> Element<'a, PageMessage> {
+    column![
+        text_field(ui, Field::new(value).label(label), on_input),
+        super::super::frame::text_role(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::BodySmall,
+            false,
+            hint,
+            ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant),
+        ),
+    ]
+    .spacing(ui.space(Space::X1))
+    .width(Length::Fill)
+    .into()
+}
+
+/// 单行输入 + 一行提示（提示是**拥有的**字符串，所以不能走 `Field::supporting` 的借用口径）。
+fn text_field_with_hint<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    label: &'a str,
+    value: &'a str,
+    hint: Element<'a, PageMessage>,
+    on_input: impl Fn(String) -> PageMessage + 'a,
+) -> Element<'a, PageMessage> {
+    column![
+        text_field(ui, Field::new(value).label(label), on_input),
+        hint,
+    ]
+    .spacing(ui.space(Space::X1))
+    .width(Length::Fill)
+    .into()
+}
+
+/// 三态后端：版本不够时整体禁用（chips 不带 `on_press`）+ 一行门槛提示。
+fn backend_row<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    facts: &'a LaunchFacts,
+    form: &'a LaunchForm,
+    texts: Texts,
+) -> Element<'a, PageMessage> {
+    let allowed = facts.allowed;
+    let mut chips = row![].spacing(ui.space(Space::X2));
+    for id in &facts.options {
+        let label = texts.backend_label(id).unwrap_or(id.as_str());
+        let selected = form.backend == *id;
+        let spec = if allowed {
+            Chip::filter(label, selected, page(Message::Backend(id.clone())))
+        } else {
+            Chip::filter(label, selected, page(Message::Backend(id.clone()))).disabled()
+        };
+        chips = chips.push(chip(ui, spec));
+    }
+
+    let mut meta = column![
+        super::super::frame::text_role(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::BodySmall,
+            false,
+            texts.launch_backend(),
+            ui.color(Role::OnSurface),
+        ),
+        chips,
+        super::super::frame::text_role_owned(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::BodySmall,
+            false,
+            texts.launch_effective(&facts.backend_effective),
+            ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant),
+        ),
+    ]
+    .spacing(ui.space(Space::X1))
+    .width(Length::Fill);
+
+    if !allowed {
+        // 灰化 + 明确提示：既不说「已生效」，也不静默吞掉用户的选择。
+        meta = meta.push(super::super::frame::text_role_owned(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::BodySmall,
+            false,
+            texts.launch_backend_gated(&facts.mc_version, &facts.min_version),
+            ui.color(Role::Error),
+        ));
+    }
+    meta.into()
+}
+
+fn actions_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, texts: Texts) -> Element<'a, PageMessage> {
+    row![
+        buttons::filled(ui, Button::new(texts.launch_save(), page(Message::Save))),
+        buttons::text(ui, Button::new(texts.launch_reset(), page(Message::Reset))),
+    ]
+    .spacing(ui.space(Space::X2))
+    .into()
+}

crates/app-iced/src/pages/instances/state.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,291 @@
+//! 实例页的**页面状态**（M157）：启动参数区的表单。
+//!
+//! ## 为什么状态在 app、页面只借一帧
+//!
+//! iced 的 `view` 不能持有跨帧状态，而启动参数区是可编辑的（两个多行框 + 两行单行框 +
+//! 三态 chips）。所以表单状态的所有者是 `App`（`app/state.rs` 的 `launch_form` 字段），
+//! 页面层只在这一帧借用；这与设置页「组状态归 `App`」是同一条纪律（`pages/settings/state.rs`）。
+//!
+//! ## 与快照的关系（唯一的重播种点）
+//!
+//! [`LaunchForm::sync`] 由 `App::refresh_view` 调用：
+//!
+//! | 情况 | 行为 |
+//! |---|---|
+//! | 换了一个实例 | **重播种**（用户没写完的草稿不能串到别的实例上） |
+//! | 同一个实例、没改过 | 重播种（保存/外部改了配置后跟着刷新） |
+//! | 同一个实例、改过（`dirty`） | **不覆盖**（每来一条事件就把输入抹掉是不可接受的） |
+//!
+//! 「留空 = 跟随下一层」由提交时把空串原样交给 host 表达（`Some("")` = 清空），
+//! 表单自己不做任何回落计算——回落只发生在 core。
+
+use unlucky_presenter::dto::{LaunchArgsPatch, LaunchArgsView};
+
+/// 启动参数表单（五项 + 脏标记 + 绑定的实例 id）。
+#[derive(Debug)]
+pub struct LaunchForm {
+    /// 这份草稿属于哪个实例（`None` = 还没播种）。
+    pub bound: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例级 JVM 参数（空白分隔的文本）。
+    pub jvm: String,
+    /// 实例级游戏参数（空白分隔的文本）。
+    pub game: String,
+    /// 最大堆（文本形态，空 = 跟随全局）。
+    pub memory: String,
+    /// Java 可执行文件（空 = 跟随全局 / 自动挑）。
+    pub java: String,
+    /// 图形后端（`default` / `opengl` / `vulkan`）。
+    pub backend: String,
+    /// 用户改过、还没保存。
+    pub dirty: bool,
+}
+
+impl Default for LaunchForm {
+    fn default() -> Self {
+        Self::from_view(None, &LaunchArgsView::default())
+    }
+}
+
+impl LaunchForm {
+    /// 用一份快照播种（`bound` 为 `None` = 还没绑定实例）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn from_view(bound: Option<&str>, view: &LaunchArgsView) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            bound: bound.map(str::to_string),
+            jvm: view.jvm_args.clone(),
+            game: view.game_args.clone(),
+            memory: view.memory_mb.map(|mb| mb.to_string()).unwrap_or_default(),
+            java: view.java_path.clone(),
+            backend: view.graphics_backend.clone(),
+            dirty: false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 这份草稿是否正对着该实例。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn bound_to(&self, id: &str) -> bool {
+        self.bound.as_deref() == Some(id)
+    }
+
+    /// 重播种（见模块文档的三档）。
+    ///
+    /// **脏草稿只在「落盘已确认」时被替换**：保存把命令派发出去之后，回程可能是一条错误事件
+    /// （内存写了 `4g`、实例文件写不进去），那时 pump 会带着**旧快照**重建视图——如果这里无条件
+    /// 覆盖，用户刚敲的东西就没了（M157 r3 复审 P2-2）。判据是「快照已经等于表单」：
+    /// 相等 ⇒ 这次保存落了盘，清脏并重播种；不相等 ⇒ 保留草稿等用户改。
+    pub fn sync(&mut self, view: &LaunchArgsView) {
+        let same_instance = self.bound_to(&view.instance_id);
+        if same_instance && self.dirty {
+            if self.matches(view) {
+                self.dirty = false;
+                *self = Self::from_view(Some(&view.instance_id), view);
+            }
+            return;
+        }
+        *self = Self::from_view(Some(&view.instance_id), view);
+    }
+
+    /// 表单当前内容是否与一份快照（= 盘上已持久化的值）完全一致。
+    ///
+    /// **内存按数值比**：host 会把 `"04096"` / `"+4096"` 归一成 `4096` 落盘，回程快照给的是
+    /// `Some(4096)`——按文本比会永远不等，于是表单一直脏、也不再跟随外部改动（r4 复审 P3-b）。
+    /// 解析失败（用户正在敲半截）才退回文本口径。
+    /// 其余字段直接比原文（JVM/游戏参数由 core 的 `tokenize` 消费，不做归一）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn matches(&self, view: &LaunchArgsView) -> bool {
+        self.jvm.trim() == view.jvm_args.trim()
+            && self.game.trim() == view.game_args.trim()
+            && self.memory_matches(view.memory_mb)
+            && self.java.trim() == view.java_path.trim()
+            && self.backend == view.graphics_backend
+    }
+
+    /// 内存字段是否等于快照里的值（数值优先，解析失败退文本）。
+    fn memory_matches(&self, persisted: Option<u32>) -> bool {
+        let typed = self.memory.trim();
+        match (typed.parse::<u32>(), persisted) {
+            (Ok(typed), Some(persisted)) => typed == persisted,
+            // 空输入 = 跟随全局：快照那边也应当是「没有实例覆盖」。
+            (Err(_), None) => typed.is_empty(),
+            _ => false,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 提交补丁：**五项全给**（表单是整份可见的，不用增量语义会让「清空」无法表达）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn patch(&self) -> LaunchArgsPatch {
+        LaunchArgsPatch {
+            jvm_args: Some(self.jvm.clone()),
+            game_args: Some(self.game.clone()),
+            memory_mb: Some(self.memory.clone()),
+            java_path: Some(self.java.clone()),
+            graphics_backend: Some(self.backend.clone()),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 「恢复跟随全局」：五项清空，脏标记置位（等用户点保存）。
+    pub fn reset(&mut self) {
+        self.jvm.clear();
+        self.game.clear();
+        self.memory.clear();
+        self.java.clear();
+        self.backend = "default".to_string();
+        self.dirty = true;
+    }
+}
+
+/// 启动参数区的消息（`pages::Message::Instances` 的载荷）。
+///
+/// 只表达**页面意图**：编辑写进表单，保存/恢复才需要 app 层理解（前者 dispatch 一条
+/// `AppCommand::SetInstanceLaunchArgs`，后者只是清表单）。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone)]
+pub enum Message {
+    /// 编辑 JVM 参数。
+    Jvm(String),
+    /// 编辑游戏参数。
+    Game(String),
+    /// 编辑最大内存（单行文本）。
+    Memory(String),
+    /// 编辑 Java 路径（单行文本）。
+    Java(String),
+    /// 选图形后端（三态 chips）。
+    Backend(String),
+    /// 保存（派发命令）。
+    Save,
+    /// 恢复跟随全局（清表单，仍需保存）。
+    Reset,
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn view(instance: &str, jvm: &str, memory: Option<u32>, backend: &str) -> LaunchArgsView {
+        LaunchArgsView {
+            instance_id: instance.to_string(),
+            jvm_args: jvm.to_string(),
+            game_args: String::new(),
+            memory_mb: memory,
+            memory_effective_mb: memory.unwrap_or(2048),
+            java_path: String::new(),
+            java_effective: String::new(),
+            graphics_backend: backend.to_string(),
+            graphics_backend_effective: backend.to_string(),
+            graphics_backend_allowed: true,
+            mc_version: "26.2".to_string(),
+            graphics_backend_min_version: "26.2-snapshot-2".to_string(),
+            graphics_backend_options: vec![
+                "default".to_string(),
+                "opengl".to_string(),
+                "vulkan".to_string(),
+            ],
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 换实例必重播种；同实例的脏草稿不被事件冲掉。
+    #[test]
+    fn sync_reseeds_per_instance_but_keeps_dirty_edits() {
+        let mut form = LaunchForm::default();
+        form.sync(&view("a", "-Xss4m", Some(4096), "vulkan"));
+        assert_eq!(form.jvm, "-Xss4m");
+        assert_eq!(form.memory, "4096");
+        assert!(!form.dirty);
+
+        // 用户改动 → 脏 → 同实例的快照刷新不许覆盖。
+        form.memory = "8192".to_string();
+        form.dirty = true;
+        form.sync(&view("a", "-Xss4m", Some(4096), "vulkan"));
+        assert_eq!(form.memory, "8192", "脏草稿被事件冲掉了");
+
+        // 换实例 → 重播种（草稿不串台）。
+        form.sync(&view("b", "", None, "default"));
+        assert_eq!(form.memory, "");
+        assert!(!form.dirty);
+        assert!(form.bound_to("b"));
+    }
+
+    /// **保存失败不许吃掉草稿**（M157 r3 复审 P2-2）：脏表单 + 旧快照回来 ⇒ 原样保留。
+    ///
+    /// 抓得住：`sync` 在「同实例 + 脏」时无条件重播种（用户敲的 `4g` 被磁盘上的 4096 覆盖）。
+    /// 抓不住：真实事件时序（那在 `app/update/instances.rs` 的用例里按消息顺序模拟）。
+    #[test]
+    fn failed_save_keeps_the_draft() {
+        let mut form = LaunchForm::from_view(Some("a"), &view("a", "", Some(4096), "default"));
+        // 用户把内存改成非法值（host 会拒），此时表单是脏的。
+        form.memory = "4g".to_string();
+        form.jvm = "-Xmx3g".to_string();
+        form.dirty = true;
+
+        // 回程事件带来的仍是**旧**快照（保存失败 ⇒ 盘上没变）。
+        form.sync(&view("a", "", Some(4096), "default"));
+
+        assert_eq!(form.memory, "4g", "失败后的重播把用户正在改的内存吃掉了");
+        assert_eq!(form.jvm, "-Xmx3g");
+        assert!(form.dirty, "草稿还在，脏标记也不能掉");
+    }
+
+    /// **保存成功要清脏**：回程快照等于表单 ⇒ 这一步算落盘确认，之后可以跟着外部变化重播种。
+    #[test]
+    fn confirmed_save_clears_dirty_and_reseeds() {
+        let mut form = LaunchForm::from_view(Some("a"), &view("a", "", Some(4096), "default"));
+        form.memory = "8192".to_string();
+        form.backend = "vulkan".to_string();
+        form.dirty = true;
+
+        form.sync(&view("a", "", Some(8192), "vulkan"));
+        assert!(!form.dirty, "盘上已经是这份值了，脏标记该清");
+        assert_eq!(form.memory, "8192");
+
+        // 之后外部改了配置（比如 CLI 写入）⇒ 干净的表格跟着更新。
+        form.sync(&view("a", "-Xss4m", Some(2048), "opengl"));
+        assert_eq!(form.memory, "2048");
+        assert_eq!(form.jvm, "-Xss4m");
+    }
+
+    /// **内存按数值比**（r4 复审 P3-b）：`04096` / `+4096` 落盘后回程是 `4096`，必须判等。
+    ///
+    /// 抓得住：`matches` 退回文本比较——那样这两类输入会永远「没保存成功」，表单一直脏、
+    /// 之后外部改配置也不再重播种。
+    #[test]
+    fn memory_is_compared_by_value_not_by_text() {
+        for typed in ["04096", "+4096", " 4096 "] {
+            let mut form = LaunchForm::from_view(Some("a"), &view("a", "", Some(4096), "default"));
+            form.memory = typed.to_string();
+            form.dirty = true;
+            assert!(
+                form.matches(&view("a", "", Some(4096), "default")),
+                "`{typed}` 应判等"
+            );
+            form.sync(&view("a", "", Some(4096), "default"));
+            assert!(!form.dirty, "`{typed}` 保存确认后要清脏");
+        }
+        // 数值不等就是不等于；半截输入（解析失败）也不许判等。
+        let mut form = LaunchForm::from_view(Some("a"), &view("a", "", Some(4096), "default"));
+        form.memory = "8".to_string();
+        assert!(!form.matches(&view("a", "", Some(4096), "default")));
+        form.memory = "4g".to_string();
+        assert!(!form.matches(&view("a", "", Some(4096), "default")));
+        // 清空 = 跟随全局：快照也得是「没有实例覆盖」。
+        form.memory.clear();
+        assert!(form.matches(&view("a", "", None, "default")));
+    }
+
+    /// 补丁五项全给：空串就是「清空」，不留 `None` 让 host 猜。
+    #[test]
+    fn patch_always_covers_all_five_fields() {
+        let mut form = LaunchForm::from_view(Some("a"), &view("a", "", None, "default"));
+        form.memory = "6144".to_string();
+        form.backend = "opengl".to_string();
+        let patch = form.patch();
+        assert_eq!(patch.jvm_args.as_deref(), Some(""));
+        assert_eq!(patch.memory_mb.as_deref(), Some("6144"));
+        assert_eq!(patch.graphics_backend.as_deref(), Some("opengl"));
+
+        form.reset();
+        assert!(form.dirty);
+        let patch = form.patch();
+        assert_eq!(patch.jvm_args.as_deref(), Some(""));
+        assert_eq!(patch.memory_mb.as_deref(), Some(""));
+        assert_eq!(patch.graphics_backend.as_deref(), Some("default"));
+    }
+}

crates/app-iced/src/pages/instances/tests/i18n.rs

@@ -28,14 +28,18 @@ use super::super::Texts;
 ///
 /// - `Java`：运行时品牌名（`JAVA` 那格的值域里也全是 `Temurin 21` 这类品牌串），翻成「爪哇」是错的；
 /// - `pid`：进程号的技术标识。用户拿它去任务管理器里搜进程，翻成「进程」就丢了这条可操作性。
-const ALLOWED: &[&str] = &["Java", "pid"];
+const ALLOWED: &[&str] = &["Java", "pid", "JVM", "OpenGL", "Vulkan", "MiB"];
 
-/// 页面取词的五个源码文件（死 key 扫描与旧串扫描共用）。
-const PAGE_SOURCES: [(&str, &str); 5] = [
+/// 页面取词的六个源码文件（死 key 扫描与旧串扫描共用）。
+const PAGE_SOURCES: [(&str, &str); 6] = [
     ("instances.rs", include_str!("../../instances.rs")),
     ("instances/detail.rs", include_str!("../detail.rs")),
     ("instances/demo.rs", include_str!("../demo.rs")),
     ("instances/text.rs", include_str!("../text.rs")),
+    (
+        "instances/launch_args.rs",
+        include_str!("../launch_args.rs"),
+    ),
     (
         "app/view/instances.rs",
         include_str!("../../../app/view/instances.rs"),
@@ -57,13 +61,33 @@ const PAGE_SOURCES: [(&str, &str); 5] = [
 /// | `isolated` / `shared` | core 的隔离档位**稳定 id**（`IsolationMode::as_str`），`isolation()` 只认这两档，其余原样上屏 |
 /// | `pid` / `reason` | `Catalog::render` 的**占位符名**（与 catalog 里的 `{pid}` / `{reason}` 对应） |
 /// | `Instances` | `Texts::keys()` 的**族名前缀**（`Key::ALL` 的过滤条件，不是文案） |
-const ALLOWED_LITERALS: [&str; 6] = [
+const ALLOWED_LITERALS: [&str; 19] = [
     "{date} {time} UTC",
     "isolated",
     "shared",
     "pid",
     "reason",
     "Instances",
+    // M157：图形后端三态的**稳定 id**（与 core 的 `GraphicsBackend::IDS` 同一份词表），
+    // `backend_label` 只认这三档，其余原样上屏。
+    "default",
+    "opengl",
+    "vulkan",
+    // M157：`Catalog::render` 的占位符名（`{version}` / `{value}` / `{default}`），不是文案。
+    "version",
+    "value",
+    // M157 r4：门槛文案的占位符名（版本号由 DTO 给，目录里不写死）。
+    "min",
+    // M157：`instances/demo.rs` 的**出图夹具**（用户数据的形状，不是界面文案）：
+    // 一个示例 JVM 参数、两个示例 MC 版本、一个示例 Java 路径，以及夹具开关的环境变量名与取值。
+    "-XX:+UseG1GC",
+    // M157 r2：示例游戏参数（同上，是夹具不是文案）。
+    "--fullscreen",
+    "26.2-snapshot-2",
+    "1.20.4",
+    "C:/Java/temurin-21/bin/java.exe",
+    "ULL_LAUNCH_ARGS_FIXTURE",
+    "gated",
 ];
 
 /// 抽出源码里的字符串字面量（够用的实现：本仓这五个文件没有 `\"` 转义、没有多行字符串）。
@@ -248,9 +272,13 @@ fn every_english_literal_in_the_page_sources_is_whitelisted() {
         "text.rs 没有引用本族的 key"
     );
     assert!(
-        PAGE_SOURCES[4].1.contains("Key::InstancesStage"),
+        PAGE_SOURCES[5].1.contains("Key::InstancesStage"),
         "阶段标签没有走目录"
     );
+    assert!(
+        PAGE_SOURCES[4].1.contains("texts.launch_title()"),
+        "启动参数区没有走目录"
+    );
 }
 
 /// **死 key 守门**：目录里每一条 `Instances*` 都必须被页面（或产品快照转换）真的引用。

crates/app-iced/src/pages/instances/text.rs

@@ -85,6 +85,72 @@ impl Texts {
         self.text(Key::InstancesNarrowNote)
     }
 
+    // ------------------------------------------------------------- 启动参数（M157）
+    pub(super) fn launch_title(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchTitle)
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_jvm(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchJvm)
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_jvm_hint(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchJvmHint)
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_game(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchGame)
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_game_hint(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchGameHint)
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_memory(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchMemory)
+    }
+    /// 「留空 = 跟随全局默认（{default} MiB）」，`default` 是生效值（三级回落之后）。
+    pub(super) fn launch_memory_hint(self, default_mb: u32) -> String {
+        self.0.render(
+            Key::InstancesLaunchMemoryHint,
+            &[("default", &default_mb.to_string())],
+        )
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_java(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchJava)
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_java_hint(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchJavaHint)
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_backend(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchBackend)
+    }
+    /// 「需游戏版本 {min} 及以上（本实例 {version}）」。
+    ///
+    /// `min` 来自 DTO（`LaunchFacts::min_version` ← core 的 `GRAPHICS_BACKEND_MIN_VERSION`），
+    /// **不在目录里硬编码版本号**——否则 core 一改门槛，文案会继续骗人（r4 复审 P3-c）。
+    pub(super) fn launch_backend_gated(self, version: &str, min: &str) -> String {
+        self.0.render(
+            Key::InstancesLaunchBackendGated,
+            &[("version", version), ("min", min)],
+        )
+    }
+    /// 「生效：vulkan」。
+    pub(super) fn launch_effective(self, value: &str) -> String {
+        self.0
+            .render(Key::InstancesLaunchEffective, &[("value", value)])
+    }
+    /// 三态后端的显示名（稳定 id → 文案）；**未知 id 返回 `None`**（调用方原样上屏，不猜）。
+    pub(super) fn backend_label(self, id: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        Some(self.text(match id {
+            "default" => Key::InstancesBackendDefault,
+            "opengl" => Key::InstancesBackendOpengl,
+            "vulkan" => Key::InstancesBackendVulkan,
+            _ => return None,
+        }))
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_save(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchSave)
+    }
+    pub(super) fn launch_reset(self) -> &'static str {
+        self.text(Key::InstancesLaunchReset)
+    }
+
     fn text(self, key: Key) -> &'static str {
         self.0.text(key)
     }

crates/app-iced/src/pages/message.rs

@@ -91,6 +91,8 @@ pub enum Message {
     /// 加一条内容库消息只动 `pages/content/message.rs`，不动本枚举的正文，也不动
     /// `app/update/page_messages.rs` 那条不许 `_ =>` 的 match。
     Content(content::Message),
+    /// 实例页「启动参数」区的消息（**M157**）：编辑写进页面状态，保存才 dispatch。
+    Instances(super::instances::InstanceMessage),
     /// 账户页消息（**M114**：三轨登录 / 列表动作 / 表单输入；app 层翻成 `AppCommand`）。
     ///
     /// 与 `Settings` 同一种做法：账户页自己的消息枚举在 `pages/account.rs`，这里只加一支入口。

crates/app-iced/src/pages/mod.rs

@@ -126,10 +126,12 @@ pub(crate) mod settings;
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests;
 pub use download::{cancelled_toast, Category, Download, InstallDraft, Loader};
+pub(crate) use instances::demo_form as demo_launch_form;
+pub use instances::{InstanceMessage, LaunchForm};
 pub use layout::{FrameMetrics, PageLayout, PaneKit, WidthClass};
 pub use logs::{Confidence, Finding, Level, Line, Logs, Outcome};
 pub use message::{Action, Message};
-pub use model::{Detail, Instances, Meta, Model, Row};
+pub use model::{Detail, Instances, LaunchFacts, Meta, Model, Row};
 pub use screen::Screen;
 pub use settings::Language;
 
@@ -150,7 +152,11 @@ use frame::filled;
 ///
 /// 视图模型由**调用方持有**（`App` 在状态变化时重建一次 `Model`），这里只借用：
 /// `view(&self)` 不能返回一棵借用局部变量的树。
-pub fn page<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, model: &'a Model) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+pub fn page<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    model: &'a Model,
+    form: &'a instances::LaunchForm,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     render(
         ui,
         model,
@@ -159,6 +165,7 @@ pub fn page<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, model: &'a Model) -> Element<'a, Message> {
             groups: settings::demo_groups(),
         },
         Language::default(),
+        form,
     )
 }
 
@@ -174,6 +181,7 @@ pub fn page_with_appearance<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     model: &'a Model,
     appearance: &'a appearance::State,
+    form: &'a instances::LaunchForm,
 ) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     render(
         ui,
@@ -183,6 +191,7 @@ pub fn page_with_appearance<'a>(
             groups: settings::demo_groups(),
         },
         Language::default(),
+        form,
     )
 }
 
@@ -199,8 +208,9 @@ pub fn page_with_settings<'a>(
     model: &'a Model,
     states: settings::States<'a>,
     language: Language,
+    launch_form: &'a instances::LaunchForm,
 ) -> Element<'a, Message> {
-    render(ui, model, states, language)
+    render(ui, model, states, language, launch_form)
 }
 
 fn render<'a>(
@@ -208,11 +218,12 @@ fn render<'a>(
     model: &'a Model,
     states: settings::States<'a>,
     language: Language,
+    launch_form: &'a instances::LaunchForm,
 ) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let metrics = layout::frame_metrics(model.screen.kit(), model.window_width);
 
     match model.screen {
-        Screen::Instances => instances::view(ui, metrics, model),
+        Screen::Instances => instances::view(ui, metrics, model, launch_form),
         // M106：下载页此前写死成 `Lang::En`，现在跟 `model.lang`（页面文案跟着界面语言走）。
         Screen::Download => download::view(ui, metrics, &model.download, model.lang),
         // M109：内容库页同样跟 `model.lang`
@@ -227,8 +238,12 @@ fn render<'a>(
 /// 产品路径**不走这里**（它走 [`page`] + `shell::view_with_content`，用真标题栏）。这个入口留给
 /// `pages_demo` example 与单测：它们要一张「只有页面、不接 app 消息」的独立图，而 `shell` 的
 /// 回调类型是 `crate::app::Message`，套不进 `pages::Message` 的树里。
-pub fn app<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, model: &'a Model) -> Element<'a, Message> {
-    app_with_appearance(ui, model, None)
+pub fn app<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    model: &'a Model,
+    form: &'a instances::LaunchForm,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+    app_with_appearance(ui, model, None, form)
 }
 
 /// 同 [`app`]，但可以带上**外观运行期状态**。
@@ -241,6 +256,7 @@ pub fn app_with_appearance<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     model: &'a Model,
     appearance: Option<&'a appearance::State>,
+    form: &'a instances::LaunchForm,
 ) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     // harness 路径没有真组状态：用演示状态（[`settings::demo_groups`]），外观状态照传。
     let body = render(
@@ -251,6 +267,7 @@ pub fn app_with_appearance<'a>(
             groups: settings::demo_groups(),
         },
         Language::default(),
+        form,
     );
 
     let shell = row![nav::rail(ui, model.active), body]

crates/app-iced/src/pages/model.rs

@@ -64,6 +64,30 @@ pub struct Detail {
     pub can_launch: bool,
     /// 「Stop」可用
     pub can_stop: bool,
+    /// 启动参数区的只读事实（M157）
+    pub launch: LaunchFacts,
+}
+
+/// 启动参数区（M157）的**只读事实**：门槛、生效值、三态词表。
+///
+/// 可编辑的值不在这里——它们在页面状态 [`super::instances::LaunchForm`]（由 `App` 持有）。
+/// 这样「每来一条事件就重建视图模型」不会把用户正在输入的内容冲掉。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default)]
+pub struct LaunchFacts {
+    /// 这个版本能不能下发 `--graphicsBackend`（core 的版本门槛判定）。
+    pub allowed: bool,
+    /// 判定依据的游戏版本（提示文案里给出）。
+    pub mc_version: String,
+    /// 门槛的最低版本（`26.2-snapshot-2`；提示与测试共用一份来源）。
+    pub min_version: String,
+    /// 生效最大堆（三级回落之后）。
+    pub memory_effective_mb: u32,
+    /// 生效 Java（空 = 自动挑）。
+    pub java_effective: String,
+    /// 生效图形后端。
+    pub backend_effective: String,
+    /// 三态词表（`default` / `opengl` / `vulkan`）。
+    pub options: Vec<String>,
 }
 
 /// 实例页要画的东西。

crates/app-iced/src/pages/tests.rs

@@ -54,10 +54,11 @@ fn screens_declare_the_layout_their_page_needs() {
 #[test]
 fn every_screen_builds_at_the_three_comparison_widths() {
     let ui = ui();
+    let form = demo_launch_form();
     for width in [1180.0, 900.0, 700.0] {
         for screen in Screen::ALL {
             let model = demo_model(screen, width);
-            let _element: Element<'_, Message> = app(&ui, &model);
+            let _element: Element<'_, Message> = app(&ui, &model, &form);
         }
     }
 }
@@ -66,9 +67,10 @@ fn every_screen_builds_at_the_three_comparison_widths() {
 #[test]
 fn an_empty_snapshot_still_builds() {
     let ui = ui();
+    let form = demo_launch_form();
     for screen in Screen::ALL {
         let model = Model::new(screen, 1180.0, Some(screen.nav()));
-        let _element: Element<'_, Message> = app(&ui, &model);
+        let _element: Element<'_, Message> = app(&ui, &model, &form);
     }
 }
 

crates/cli/src/cli/help.rs

@@ -14,6 +14,9 @@ pub const fn general() -> &'static str {
 
 命令:
   instances list                      列出实例与已安装版本
+  instances launch-args <instance> [--jvm T] [--game T] [--memory MB] [--java P]
+                     [--backend default|opengl|vulkan] [--clear]
+                                      读/写实例级启动参数（不带选项 = 只读；--clear = 全部回跟随全局）
   install <version> [--loader X] [--loader-version V] [--name N] [--dry-run]
                                       下载并安装版本本体（--loader fabric|quilt|neoforge|forge
                                       时再叠一层加载器）→ 登记实例；--dry-run 只出计划
@@ -69,7 +72,24 @@ pub fn topic(name: &str) -> Option<&'static str> {
    version id 里的加载器版本段；原版、以及 id 里没写版本的（1.12.2-LiteLoader）为空串
  注意：kind 是「认得出」的口径，不是「装得了」的口径 —— optifine / liteloader 只能由别的
    启动器装好后继承进来，install --loader 不接受这两个值；kind=vanilla 只表示 id 里没有加载器
-   痕迹（整包导入被重命名的实例也会落成 vanilla），权威结论要读版本 JSON 的 libraries[]。",
+   痕迹（整包导入被重命名的实例也会落成 vanilla），权威结论要读版本 JSON 的 libraries[]。
+
+%prog% instances launch-args <instance> [--jvm T] [--game T] [--memory MB] [--java P] \
+[--backend default|opengl|vulkan] [--clear]
+
+读/写实例配置页「启动参数」区（M157）。不带取写选项时只读：
+ --jvm <text>     实例级 JVM 参数（空白分隔、支持引号）；与全局 java.extra_args **叠加**，
+                  实例这层在最高优先级段（同名选项实例赢，`-Xmx` 也由它赢过内存字段）
+ --game <text>    实例级游戏参数（追加在命令行最后，可覆盖前面一切游戏参数）
+ --memory <MB>    实例级最大堆（256~65536）；留空/不写 = 跟随全局 java.default_memory_mb
+ --java <path>    实例级 Java 可执行文件；留空 = 跟随全局 java.selected_path 再退到自动挑
+ --backend <id>   default（不下发）/ opengl / vulkan；只对 MC 26.2-snapshot-2+ 下发，
+                  老版本会被版本门槛拦下（启动时给诊断告警，不静默）
+ --clear          先把五项清空再应用其它选项（= 全部回「跟随全局」）
+ 每一项都是「实例 → 全局 → 默认」的独立回落，只填一项不会顶掉别的项。
+ 值以 `--` 开头时（多数游戏参数都是）写成 `--game=--fullscreen`：单独一个 `--fullscreen`
+ 会被当成下一个选项（缺少取值），这是全项目 CLI 的既有解析口径。
+ --json 输出 {\"data\":{\"launch\":{…实例层…},\"effective\":{…回落后的生效值…}, …}}",
         ),
         "pack" => Some(
             "\

crates/cli/src/cli/mod.rs

@@ -13,7 +13,8 @@ pub mod program;
 
 pub use model::{
     AccountsAddArgs, AccountsAddKind, AgentServeArgs, Command, ConfigGetArgs, ConfigSetArgs,
-    DiagArgs, Globals, InstallArgs, Invocation, LaunchArgs, LogsArgs, PackImportArgs,
+    DiagArgs, Globals, InstallArgs, InstanceLaunchArgs, Invocation, LaunchArgs, LogsArgs,
+    PackImportArgs,
 };
 pub use parse::parse;
 

crates/cli/src/cli/model.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,8 @@ pub enum Command {
     Help(Option<String>),
     /// `instances list`。
     InstancesList,
+    /// `instances launch-args <instance> [--jvm …] [--game …] [--memory …] [--java …] [--backend …] [--clear]`。
+    InstancesLaunchArgs(InstanceLaunchArgs),
     /// `install <version> [--loader X] [--name N]`。
     Install(InstallArgs),
     /// `pack import <file> [--target <dir>] [--name N] [--overwrite] [--no-register]`。
@@ -185,6 +187,38 @@ pub struct DiagArgs {
     pub tail: usize,
 }
 
+/// `instances launch-args` 的参数（M157：实例级启动参数）。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct InstanceLaunchArgs {
+    /// 实例 id 或实例名。
+    pub instance: String,
+    /// 实例级 JVM 参数（空白分隔，支持引号）。
+    pub jvm_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例级游戏参数。
+    pub game_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例级最大堆（MiB 文本；空串由 `--memory ""` 表达「跟随全局」）。
+    pub memory_mb: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例级 Java 可执行文件。
+    pub java: Option<String>,
+    /// 图形后端（`default` / `opengl` / `vulkan`）。
+    pub backend: Option<String>,
+    /// 先清空五项再应用给出的项（`--clear`；不带其它选项时等于「全部跟随全局」）。
+    pub clear: bool,
+}
+
+impl InstanceLaunchArgs {
+    /// 这次调用是不是纯读取（没有任何写入口）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_read_only(&self) -> bool {
+        !self.clear
+            && self.jvm_args.is_none()
+            && self.game_args.is_none()
+            && self.memory_mb.is_none()
+            && self.java.is_none()
+            && self.backend.is_none()
+    }
+}
+
 /// `config get` 的参数。
 #[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
 pub struct ConfigGetArgs {

crates/cli/src/cli/parse.rs

@@ -9,6 +9,7 @@ use crate::error::CliError;
 
 mod accounts;
 mod agent;
+mod instances;
 
 use super::model::{
     Command, ConfigGetArgs, ConfigSetArgs, DiagArgs, Globals, InstallArgs, Invocation, LaunchArgs,
@@ -81,7 +82,7 @@ fn parse_command(rest: &[String], globals: &Globals) -> Result<Command, CliError
     match name.as_str() {
         "version" => Ok(Command::Version),
         "help" => Ok(Command::Help(tail.first().cloned())),
-        "instances" => parse_instances(tail),
+        "instances" => instances::parse_instances(tail),
         "install" => parse_install(tail, globals),
         "pack" => parse_pack(tail),
         "launch" => parse_launch(tail),
@@ -99,20 +100,6 @@ fn parse_command(rest: &[String], globals: &Globals) -> Result<Command, CliError
     }
 }
 
-fn parse_instances(tail: &[String]) -> Result<Command, CliError> {
-    let args = match tail.first().map(String::as_str) {
-        None | Some("list") => tail.get(1..).unwrap_or_default(),
-        Some(other) => {
-            return Err(CliError::usage(format!(
-                "instances 的子命令只有 list，收到 `{other}`"
-            )));
-        }
-    };
-    let parsed = parse_flags(args, &[], &[])?;
-    ensure_no_positionals(&parsed, "instances list")?;
-    Ok(Command::InstancesList)
-}
-
 fn parse_install(tail: &[String], globals: &Globals) -> Result<Command, CliError> {
     let parsed = parse_flags(tail, &["loader", "loader-version", "name"], &["dry-run"])?;
     let version = require_single_positional(&parsed, "install <version>")?;

crates/cli/src/cli/parse/instances.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,45 @@
+//! `instances` 的两个子命令解析（`list` / `launch-args`）。
+//!
+//! 从 `parse.rs` 拆出来只为守 400 行硬线（M157 的 `launch-args` 让那边到 415 行）；
+//! 纯搬移，语义未变。
+
+use super::super::model::InstanceLaunchArgs;
+use super::*;
+
+pub(super) fn parse_instances(tail: &[String]) -> Result<Command, CliError> {
+    let args = match tail.first().map(String::as_str) {
+        None | Some("list") => tail.get(1..).unwrap_or_default(),
+        Some("launch-args") => {
+            return parse_instances_launch_args(tail.get(1..).unwrap_or_default())
+        }
+        Some(other) => {
+            return Err(CliError::usage(format!(
+                "instances 的子命令只有 list / launch-args，收到 `{other}`"
+            )));
+        }
+    };
+    let parsed = parse_flags(args, &[], &[])?;
+    ensure_no_positionals(&parsed, "instances list")?;
+    Ok(Command::InstancesList)
+}
+
+/// `instances launch-args <instance> [--jvm …] [--game …] [--memory …] [--java …] [--backend …] [--clear]`。
+///
+/// 五个取值选项都接受空串（`--jvm ""`）= 该清空，与 `--clear` 的「先清后改」互补。
+fn parse_instances_launch_args(tail: &[String]) -> Result<Command, CliError> {
+    let parsed = parse_flags(
+        tail,
+        &["jvm", "game", "memory", "java", "backend"],
+        &["clear"],
+    )?;
+    let instance = require_single_positional(&parsed, "instances launch-args <instance>")?;
+    Ok(Command::InstancesLaunchArgs(InstanceLaunchArgs {
+        instance,
+        jvm_args: parsed.value("jvm"),
+        game_args: parsed.value("game"),
+        memory_mb: parsed.value("memory"),
+        java: parsed.value("java"),
+        backend: parsed.value("backend"),
+        clear: parsed.has("clear"),
+    }))
+}

crates/cli/src/commands/instance_launch.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,269 @@
+//! `instances launch-args <instance>`（M157）：实例级启动参数的读/写。
+//!
+//! 五项的**含义与回落规则**都在 core（[`unlucky_core::game::launch_overrides`]），本命令只做
+//! 三件事：找实例、把命令行选项拼成 [`LaunchOverridesPatch`]、把生效值印出来。
+//!
+//! ```text
+//! ull instances launch-args 生存                 # 读：实例层 + 生效值 + 后端门槛
+//! ull instances launch-args 生存 --jvm "-XX:+UseG1GC" --backend vulkan
+//! ull instances launch-args 生存 --memory 8192 --game "--fullscreen"
+//! ull instances launch-args 生存 --clear         # 五项全部回「跟随全局」
+//! ```
+//!
+//! 判定「版本够不够 Vulkan」用 core 的组合判据
+//! [`unlucky_core::launch::overrides::backend_allowed`]（继承解析后的库表 + 版本门槛），
+//! 与 GUI 灰化、拼装链的告警是同一个函数——CLI 不另写一条。
+//!
+//! 全局层（`java.extra_args` / `java.default_memory_mb` / `java.selected_path`）在这里读一次
+//! 设置文档填 [`GlobalLaunchDefaults`]；presenter 的 host 侧有一份同形的读法（两个 crate 各自
+//! 依赖 core，没法共享那三行 IO），字段口径以 core 的回落表为准。
+
+use serde_json::json;
+use unlucky_core::game::install::instance::{
+    read_instance_config, write_instance_config, InstanceConfig,
+};
+use unlucky_core::game::launch_overrides::{
+    resolve, GlobalLaunchDefaults, GraphicsBackend, LaunchOverridesPatch, ResolvedLaunch,
+};
+use unlucky_core::game::{self, VersionJson};
+use unlucky_core::launch::game_args::GRAPHICS_BACKEND_MIN_VERSION;
+use unlucky_core::launch::game_version::GameVersion;
+use unlucky_core::launch::overrides::backend_allowed;
+use unlucky_core::setting::keys::launcher_schema;
+use unlucky_core::setting::store::SettingStore;
+
+use crate::cli::InstanceLaunchArgs;
+use crate::context::Ctx;
+use crate::error::CliError;
+use crate::output::Report;
+
+use super::instances::read_profiles;
+
+/// `ull instances launch-args`。
+///
+/// # Errors
+///
+/// 实例不存在、值非法（内存越界 / 未知后端）、实例文件读写失败时返回用户错误。
+pub fn run(ctx: &Ctx, args: &InstanceLaunchArgs) -> Result<Report, CliError> {
+    let profiles = read_profiles(ctx)?;
+    let profile = profiles
+        .profiles
+        .iter()
+        .find(|profile| profile.id.as_str() == args.instance || profile.name == args.instance)
+        .cloned()
+        .ok_or_else(|| {
+            CliError::user("not_found", format!("找不到实例 `{}`", args.instance))
+                .with_hint("用 `%prog% instances list` 看已登记的实例")
+        })?;
+    let id = profile.id.as_str().to_string();
+    let layout = ctx.layout();
+
+    let mut config = read_instance_config(&layout, &id)
+        .map_err(|error| CliError::user("instance_config", format!("读实例设置失败：{error}")))?
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| InstanceConfig::new(&id, &profile.version_id));
+
+    let mut updated = false;
+    if !args.is_read_only() {
+        config.launch = config
+            .launch
+            .patched(&patch_from(args))
+            .map_err(CliError::usage)?;
+        write_instance_config(&layout, &config).map_err(|error| {
+            CliError::user("instance_config", format!("写实例设置失败：{error}"))
+        })?;
+        updated = true;
+    }
+
+    let effective = resolve(Some(&config.launch), &global_defaults(ctx));
+    let (allowed, mc_version) = backend_gate(ctx, &profile.version_id);
+    let layer = &config.launch;
+
+    let data = json!({
+        "instance_id": id,
+        "name": profile.name,
+        "version_id": profile.version_id,
+        "updated": updated,
+        "launch": {
+            "jvm_args": layer.jvm_args.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            "game_args": layer.game_args.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            "memory_mb": layer.memory_mb,
+            "java_path": layer.java_path.as_ref().map(|path| path.display().to_string()),
+            "graphics_backend": layer.graphics_backend.unwrap_or_default().as_str(),
+        },
+        "effective": {
+            "jvm_args": effective.instance_jvm_args.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            "global_jvm_args": effective.global_jvm_args.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            "game_args": effective.game_args.clone().unwrap_or_default(),
+            "memory_mb": effective.memory_mb,
+            "java_path": effective.java_path.as_ref().map(|path| path.display().to_string()),
+            "graphics_backend": effective.graphics_backend.as_str(),
+            "graphics_backend_allowed": allowed,
+            "graphics_backend_min_version": GRAPHICS_BACKEND_MIN_VERSION,
+            "mc_version": mc_version,
+        },
+        "graphics_backend_options": GraphicsBackend::IDS,
+    });
+
+    let mut human = vec![format!(
+        "{}（{} · {}）{}",
+        profile.name,
+        profile.version_id,
+        id,
+        if updated { "  ← 已保存" } else { "" }
+    )];
+    human.push(format!(
+        "  JVM 参数（实例）: {}",
+        layer
+            .jvm_args
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "（跟随全局）".to_string())
+    ));
+    human.push(format!(
+        "  游戏参数（实例）: {}",
+        layer
+            .game_args
+            .clone()
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "（无）".to_string())
+    ));
+    human.push(format!(
+        "  最大内存: {} MiB{}",
+        effective.memory_mb,
+        match layer.memory_mb {
+            Some(_) => "（实例覆盖）",
+            None => "（跟随全局 / 出厂默认）",
+        }
+    ));
+    human.push(format!(
+        "  Java: {}",
+        effective
+            .java_path
+            .as_ref()
+            .map(|path| path.display().to_string())
+            .unwrap_or_else(|| "（自动挑：托管 > JAVA_HOME > PATH）".to_string())
+    ));
+    human.push(format!(
+        "  图形后端: {}{}",
+        effective.graphics_backend.as_str(),
+        if effective.graphics_backend.is_default() {
+            "（不下发 --graphicsBackend）".to_string()
+        } else if allowed {
+            format!("（{} 可下发）", mc_version)
+        } else {
+            format!("（版本 {mc_version} 不支持，不会下发；需 MC {GRAPHICS_BACKEND_MIN_VERSION}+）")
+        }
+    ));
+
+    Ok(Report::new(data, human))
+}
+
+/// 命令行选项 → core 的文本补丁（`--clear` 先清五项，随后给出的项覆盖）。
+fn patch_from(args: &InstanceLaunchArgs) -> LaunchOverridesPatch {
+    let mut patch = if args.clear {
+        LaunchOverridesPatch::clear_all()
+    } else {
+        LaunchOverridesPatch::default()
+    };
+    if let Some(value) = &args.jvm_args {
+        patch.jvm_args = Some(value.clone());
+    }
+    if let Some(value) = &args.game_args {
+        patch.game_args = Some(value.clone());
+    }
+    if let Some(value) = &args.memory_mb {
+        patch.memory_mb = Some(value.clone());
+    }
+    if let Some(value) = &args.java {
+        patch.java_path = Some(value.clone());
+    }
+    if let Some(value) = &args.backend {
+        patch.graphics_backend = Some(value.clone());
+    }
+    patch
+}
+
+/// 全局层（三个设置键）。
+pub(crate) fn global_defaults(ctx: &Ctx) -> GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+    let store = SettingStore::load(ctx.launcher_config(), launcher_schema());
+    let text = |key: &str| -> Option<String> {
+        store
+            .doc()
+            .effective_str(key)
+            .map(str::trim)
+            .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+            .map(str::to_string)
+    };
+    GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+        jvm_args: text("java.extra_args"),
+        game_args: None,
+        memory_mb: store
+            .effective("java.default_memory_mb")
+            .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_u64)
+            .and_then(|value| u32::try_from(value).ok()),
+        java_path: text("java.selected_path").map(std::path::PathBuf::from),
+        graphics_backend: None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// 三级回落后的生效值（启动装配用；`instance_id` 为空 = 没有实例档案，只用全局层）。
+///
+/// 与 presenter 的 `host::launch_args::resolved` 同义：那边给 GUI 用，这边给 `ull launch` 用，
+/// 规则都在 core 的 [`resolve`]，两处只剩「读哪几份文件」的差别。
+pub(crate) fn resolved(ctx: &Ctx, instance_id: &str) -> ResolvedLaunch {
+    let overrides = if instance_id.is_empty() {
+        None
+    } else {
+        read_instance_config(&ctx.layout(), instance_id)
+            .ok()
+            .flatten()
+            .map(|config| config.launch)
+    };
+    resolve(overrides.as_ref(), &global_defaults(ctx))
+}
+
+/// 版本能不能用 `--graphicsBackend`，以及判定依据的游戏版本（继承链根）。
+fn backend_gate(ctx: &Ctx, version_id: &str) -> (bool, String) {
+    let game_layout = ctx.game();
+    let Ok(text) = std::fs::read_to_string(game_layout.version_json(version_id)) else {
+        return (false, version_id.to_string());
+    };
+    let Ok(manifest) = VersionJson::from_json_str(&text) else {
+        return (false, version_id.to_string());
+    };
+    let mc_version = root_version_id(&game_layout, &manifest);
+    let source = |id: &str| -> Option<VersionJson> {
+        std::fs::read_to_string(game_layout.version_json(id))
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|text| VersionJson::from_json_str(&text).ok())
+    };
+    let resolved = game::resolve(&source, &manifest).unwrap_or(manifest);
+    let allowed = backend_allowed(&GameVersion::parse(&mc_version), &resolved);
+    (allowed, mc_version)
+}
+
+/// 继承链根（原版层）的 id——能力位与版本门限都以它为准（loader 层的 id 带加载器后缀）。
+///
+/// `pub(crate)`：`snapshot::prepare` 的装配（`SnapshotInput.game_version`）也要这一份口径，
+/// 门槛判定（本模块的 `backend_gate`）与拼装必须用**同一个**根版本，否则会出现
+/// 「UI 说可用、命令行里没有这个参数」的静默偏差。
+pub(crate) fn root_version_id(
+    layout: &unlucky_core::game::GameLayout,
+    manifest: &VersionJson,
+) -> String {
+    let mut current = manifest.id.clone().unwrap_or_default();
+    let mut parent = manifest.inherits_from.clone().filter(|id| !id.is_empty());
+    for _ in 0..16 {
+        let Some(next) = parent else { break };
+        let Ok(text) = std::fs::read_to_string(layout.version_json(&next)) else {
+            return next;
+        };
+        let Ok(json) = VersionJson::from_json_str(&text) else {
+            return next;
+        };
+        current = json.id.clone().unwrap_or(next);
+        parent = json.inherits_from.clone().filter(|id| !id.is_empty());
+    }
+    current
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;

crates/cli/src/commands/instance_launch/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,212 @@
+//! [`super`] 的单测：走真入口 [`crate::run`]，断言用户/脚本拿到的那份输出。
+//!
+//! 口径与 `instances/tests.rs` 一致：临时 `--data-dir` + 真 `profiles.json`，只看 stdout 的
+//! JSON 信封（`--json`）与退出码。回落规则的真值表在 core 的
+//! `game::launch_overrides` / `launch::overrides` 测试里，这里只验 CLI 有没有如实搬运。
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+use std::time::{SystemTime, UNIX_EPOCH};
+
+use serde_json::{json, Value};
+use unlucky_core::platform::layout::{LauncherLayout, LAUNCHER_HOME_DIR};
+
+/// 一次性临时目录（`Drop` 时清理；cli 没有 dev-dependency 的 tempfile）。
+struct TempDir(PathBuf);
+
+impl TempDir {
+    fn new(tag: &str) -> Self {
+        static COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+        let nanos = SystemTime::now()
+            .duration_since(UNIX_EPOCH)
+            .map_or(0, |duration| duration.as_nanos());
+        let seq = COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "ull-instance-launch-{tag}-{}-{seq}-{nanos}",
+            std::process::id()
+        ));
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&path).expect("建临时目录");
+        Self(path)
+    }
+
+    fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+        &self.0
+    }
+
+    fn arg(&self) -> String {
+        self.0.display().to_string()
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for TempDir {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&self.0);
+    }
+}
+
+/// 写 `.ULL/config/profiles.json` 并返回第一个实例的 id。
+fn write_profiles(data_root: &Path, name: &str, version_id: &str) -> String {
+    let dir = data_root.join(LAUNCHER_HOME_DIR).join("config");
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(&dir).expect("建配置目录");
+    let id = "11111111-2222-4333-8444-555555555555".to_string();
+    let document = json!({
+        "schema_version": 1,
+        "profiles": [{ "id": id, "name": name, "version_id": version_id }],
+    });
+    std::fs::write(
+        dir.join("profiles.json"),
+        serde_json::to_vec_pretty(&document).expect("序列化 profiles.json"),
+    )
+    .expect("写 profiles.json");
+    id
+}
+
+/// 写 `<data>/.minecraft/versions/<id>/<id>.json`（库表可带 vulkan）。
+fn write_version(data_root: &Path, id: &str, vulkan: bool) {
+    let path = data_root
+        .join(".minecraft")
+        .join("versions")
+        .join(id)
+        .join(format!("{id}.json"));
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().expect("版本目录")).expect("版本目录");
+    let libs = if vulkan {
+        r#"[{"name":"org.lwjgl:lwjgl-vulkan:3.4.3"}]"#
+    } else {
+        "[]"
+    };
+    std::fs::write(&path, format!(r#"{{"id":"{id}","libraries":{libs}}}"#)).expect("写版本 JSON");
+}
+
+/// 跑一次 CLI，返回（退出码, stdout）。
+fn run_cli(args: &[&str]) -> (i32, String) {
+    let owned: Vec<String> = args.iter().map(|arg| (*arg).to_string()).collect();
+    let mut out: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+    let mut err: Vec<u8> = Vec::new();
+    let code = crate::run(&owned, &mut out, &mut err);
+    (code, String::from_utf8_lossy(&out).into_owned())
+}
+
+/// 跑 `instances launch-args … --json`，返回 `data` 载荷。
+fn launch_args(dir: &TempDir, rest: &[&str]) -> Value {
+    let root = dir.arg();
+    let mut args = vec!["instances", "launch-args", "--json", "--data-dir", &root];
+    args.extend_from_slice(rest);
+    let (code, stdout) = run_cli(&args);
+    assert_eq!(code, 0, "{stdout}");
+    let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(&stdout).expect("输出不是 JSON");
+    assert_eq!(value["ok"], true, "{stdout}");
+    value["data"].clone()
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn read_reports_instance_layer_and_effective_values() {
+    let dir = TempDir::new("read");
+    let id = write_profiles(dir.path(), "生存", "1.20.4");
+    let data = launch_args(&dir, &[&id]);
+    assert_eq!(data["instance_id"], id.as_str());
+    assert_eq!(data["updated"], false);
+    assert_eq!(data["launch"]["graphics_backend"], "default");
+    // 没配内存 ⇒ 生效值是出厂默认 2048（三级回落的最后一级）。
+    assert_eq!(data["effective"]["memory_mb"], 2048);
+    assert_eq!(data["effective"]["graphics_backend_allowed"], false);
+    assert_eq!(
+        data["graphics_backend_options"],
+        json!(["default", "opengl", "vulkan"])
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn write_from_flags_then_read_back() {
+    let dir = TempDir::new("write");
+    let id = write_profiles(dir.path(), "生存", "26.2-snapshot-2");
+    write_version(dir.path(), "26.2-snapshot-2", true);
+
+    let data = launch_args(
+        &dir,
+        &[
+            &id,
+            "--jvm=-XX:+UseG1GC",
+            // 值以 `--` 开头时必须用 `--key=value` 形式（`--game --fullscreen` 会被解析器
+            // 当成「缺少取值」——那是全项目 CLI 的既有口径，见 help 里的提示）。
+            "--game=--fullscreen",
+            "--memory",
+            "6144",
+            "--backend",
+            "vulkan",
+        ],
+    );
+    assert_eq!(data["updated"], true);
+    assert_eq!(data["launch"]["jvm_args"], "-XX:+UseG1GC");
+    assert_eq!(data["launch"]["memory_mb"], 6144);
+    assert_eq!(data["launch"]["graphics_backend"], "vulkan");
+    // 26.2-snapshot-2 过了门槛（判定来自 core 的能力位 + 版本门限）。
+    assert_eq!(data["effective"]["graphics_backend_allowed"], true);
+
+    // 再读一次：落盘之后依然在（`--json` 是事实上的对外契约）。
+    let again = launch_args(&dir, &[&id]);
+    assert_eq!(again["updated"], false);
+    assert_eq!(again["launch"]["jvm_args"], "-XX:+UseG1GC");
+    assert_eq!(again["launch"]["game_args"], "--fullscreen");
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn clear_restores_follow_the_global() {
+    let dir = TempDir::new("clear");
+    let id = write_profiles(dir.path(), "生存", "1.20.4");
+    launch_args(&dir, &[&id, "--memory", "4096", "--backend", "opengl"]);
+    let cleared = launch_args(&dir, &[&id, "--clear"]);
+    assert_eq!(cleared["launch"]["memory_mb"], Value::Null);
+    assert_eq!(cleared["launch"]["graphics_backend"], "default");
+    assert_eq!(cleared["effective"]["memory_mb"], 2048);
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn invalid_values_fail_with_a_usage_error() {
+    let dir = TempDir::new("invalid");
+    let id = write_profiles(dir.path(), "生存", "1.20.4");
+    let root = dir.arg();
+    for (flag, value) in [
+        ("--backend", "vulkan2"),
+        ("--memory", "4g"),
+        ("--memory", "1"),
+    ] {
+        let (code, stdout) = run_cli(&[
+            "instances",
+            "launch-args",
+            "--json",
+            "--data-dir",
+            &root,
+            &id,
+            flag,
+            value,
+        ]);
+        assert_ne!(code, 0, "{flag} {value} 应当失败：{stdout}");
+        let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(&stdout).expect("输出不是 JSON");
+        assert_eq!(value["error"]["code"], "usage", "{stdout}");
+    }
+    // 失败的写入不许留下半截设置文件。
+    let layout = LauncherLayout::new(dir.path().join(LAUNCHER_HOME_DIR));
+    assert!(
+        unlucky_core::game::install::instance::read_instance_config(&layout, &id)
+            .expect("读")
+            .is_none(),
+        "非法补丁不该落盘"
+    );
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn unknown_instance_is_a_user_error() {
+    let dir = TempDir::new("missing");
+    let root = dir.arg();
+    let (code, stdout) = run_cli(&[
+        "instances",
+        "launch-args",
+        "--json",
+        "--data-dir",
+        &root,
+        "nope",
+    ]);
+    assert_ne!(code, 0);
+    let value: Value = serde_json::from_str(&stdout).expect("输出不是 JSON");
+    assert_eq!(value["error"]["code"], "not_found", "{stdout}");
+}

crates/cli/src/commands/mod.rs

@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ pub mod agent;
 pub mod config;
 pub mod identity;
 pub mod install;
+pub mod instance_launch;
 pub mod instances;
 pub mod java;
 pub mod java_launch;
@@ -32,6 +33,9 @@ pub fn run(invocation: &Invocation) -> Result<Outcome, CliError> {
         Command::Version => Ok(Outcome::new(meta::version())),
         Command::Help(topic) => Ok(Outcome::new(meta::help(topic.as_deref()))),
         Command::InstancesList => with_ctx(&invocation.globals, instances::list),
+        Command::InstancesLaunchArgs(args) => {
+            with_ctx(&invocation.globals, |ctx| instance_launch::run(ctx, args))
+        }
         Command::Install(args) => with_ctx(&invocation.globals, |ctx| install::run(ctx, args)),
         Command::PackImport(args) => {
             with_ctx_outcome(&invocation.globals, |ctx| pack::run(ctx, args))

crates/cli/src/commands/snapshot.rs

@@ -131,11 +131,14 @@ pub fn prepare(ctx: &Ctx, input: &PlanInput) -> Result<Plan, CliError> {
         .clone()
         .or_else(|| resolved.asset_index.as_ref().map(|index| index.id.clone()));
 
+    // 同 presenter：装配门限按**继承链的 MC 根版本**判（loader 实例的 version_id 带加载器后缀，
+    // 周快照的 6 字符形态判据在那儿失效，`--graphicsBackend` 会被静默跳过）。
+    let root_version = super::instance_launch::root_version_id(&game, &manifest);
     let snapshot = SnapshotInput {
         version_id: &version_id,
         version_name: Some(&input.instance_name),
         version_type: None,
-        game_version: None,
+        game_version: Some(root_version.as_str()),
         main_class: resolved.main_class.as_deref(),
         jvm_arguments: &expanded.jvm,
         game_arguments: &expanded.game,
@@ -151,11 +154,21 @@ pub fn prepare(ctx: &Ctx, input: &PlanInput) -> Result<Plan, CliError> {
         game_assets: assets_root,
     };
 
+    // 实例级启动参数的三级回落（实例 → 全局 → 默认）。临时启动参数（`--max-memory` /
+    // `--java`）在 D20 的覆盖链里位于实例之上，所以这里先把它们叠上去再落位。
+    let mut effective = super::instance_launch::resolved(ctx, &input.instance_id);
+    if let Some(mb) = input.max_memory {
+        effective.memory_mb = mb;
+    }
+    if let Some(path) = &input.java {
+        effective.java_path = Some(path.clone());
+    }
+
     let options = AdapterOptions {
-        java: super::java::selection(input.java.as_deref()),
+        java: super::java::selection(effective.java_path.as_deref()),
         memory: MemoryOptions {
             min_mb: None,
-            max_mb: input.max_memory,
+            max_mb: Some(effective.memory_mb),
         },
         auth: input.auth.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| AuthPlaceholders {
             player_name: input
@@ -181,6 +194,8 @@ pub fn prepare(ctx: &Ctx, input: &PlanInput) -> Result<Plan, CliError> {
         request.instance.id = input.instance_id.clone();
     }
     request.instance.name = input.instance_name.clone();
+    // 实例级启动参数（三级回落后的生效值）最后落位：user.* / memory / graphics_backend。
+    unlucky_core::launch::overrides::apply(&mut request, &effective);
 
     Ok(Plan {
         version_id,
@@ -223,3 +238,94 @@ fn describe_warning(warning: &AdapterWarning) -> String {
         }
     }
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+    use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// 一次性临时数据根（`--data-dir` 的等价物：custom 模式 → `<root>/.ULL` + `<root>/.minecraft`）。
+    struct TempDir(PathBuf);
+
+    impl TempDir {
+        fn new(tag: &str) -> Self {
+            static COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+            let seq = COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+            let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+                "ull-cli-snapshot-{tag}-{}-{seq}",
+                std::process::id()
+            ));
+            let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&path);
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(&path).expect("建临时目录");
+            Self(path)
+        }
+
+        fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+            &self.0
+        }
+    }
+
+    impl Drop for TempDir {
+        fn drop(&mut self) {
+            let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&self.0);
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn ctx_at(dir: &TempDir) -> Ctx {
+        let globals = crate::cli::Globals {
+            data_dir: Some(dir.path().to_path_buf()),
+            ..crate::cli::Globals::default()
+        };
+        Ctx::resolve(&globals).expect("解析数据根")
+    }
+
+    fn write_version(ctx: &Ctx, id: &str, json: &str) {
+        let path = ctx.game().version_json(id);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().expect("版本目录")).expect("版本目录");
+        std::fs::write(&path, json).expect("写版本 JSON");
+    }
+
+    /// **周快照 + 加载器实例**（M157 r3 复审 P2-1）：`prepare` 交给装配的游戏版本是
+    /// 继承链根的 `26w14a`，不是 `26w14a-fabric-0.16.5`。
+    ///
+    /// 抓得住：`SnapshotInput.game_version` 回退成 `None`（装配用带后缀的 id 判门限，
+    /// `--graphicsBackend` 会被静默跳过，而 CLI 自己的门槛显示「可下发」）。
+    /// 抓不住：完整 argv（`crates/core/src/launch/overrides/tests.rs` 的周快照用例）。
+    #[test]
+    fn weekly_loader_instance_is_assembled_against_the_mc_root_version() {
+        let dir = TempDir::new("weekly");
+        let ctx = ctx_at(&dir);
+        write_version(
+            &ctx,
+            "26w14a",
+            r#"{"id":"26w14a","mainClass":"net.minecraft.client.main.Main",
+                "libraries":[{"name":"org.lwjgl:lwjgl-vulkan:3.4.3"}]}"#,
+        );
+        write_version(
+            &ctx,
+            "26w14a-fabric-0.16.5",
+            r#"{"id":"26w14a-fabric-0.16.5","inheritsFrom":"26w14a",
+                "mainClass":"net.fabricmc.loader.impl.launch.knot.KnotClient"}"#,
+        );
+
+        let plan = prepare(
+            &ctx,
+            &PlanInput {
+                version_id: "26w14a-fabric-0.16.5".to_string(),
+                instance_name: "周快照 Fabric".to_string(),
+                ..PlanInput::default()
+            },
+        )
+        .expect("装配应成功");
+
+        assert_eq!(
+            plan.request.instance.version.raw(),
+            "26w14a",
+            "装配的游戏版本必须是继承链的 MC 根版本（CLI 门槛与拼装必须同一口径）"
+        );
+        assert!(plan.request.instance.version.is_weekly_snapshot());
+        assert!(plan.request.manifest.has_vulkan_backend);
+    }
+}

crates/core/src/game/install/instance.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
 
 use super::super::error::GameError;
 use super::super::isolation::{IsolationMode, ModeChange, ModeChangeWarning};
+use super::super::launch_overrides::LaunchOverrides;
 use super::super::profiles::{InstanceProfile, ProfileList};
 use crate::platform::atomic::write_atomic;
 use crate::platform::layout::LauncherLayout;
@@ -122,6 +123,12 @@ pub struct InstanceConfig {
     /// 该实例覆盖了哪些设置键。
     #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "Vec::is_empty")]
     pub overrides: Vec<OverrideKey>,
+    /// 实例级启动参数覆盖（M157）：JVM/游戏参数、内存、Java、图形后端五项，逐项回落。
+    ///
+    /// 空段（全 `None`/空白）**不落盘**——与 `isolation` 同一套稀疏语义，清空输入框即「跟随全局」。
+    /// 回落规则与生效值见 [`crate::game::launch_overrides`]。
+    #[serde(default, skip_serializing_if = "LaunchOverrides::is_empty")]
+    pub launch: LaunchOverrides,
     /// 上次隔离档位切换的记录（`lastModeChange`；没切过就不落盘）。
     ///
     /// 由 [`crate::game::isolation::observe_mode`] 维护，只记事实（含双侧探测），**不迁移数据**。
@@ -166,6 +173,7 @@ impl InstanceConfig {
             isolation: None,
             game_dir: None,
             overrides: Vec::new(),
+            launch: LaunchOverrides::default(),
             last_mode_change: None,
             extra: BTreeMap::new(),
         }

crates/core/src/game/launch_overrides.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,360 @@
+//! 实例级启动参数覆盖（五项）+ **三级回落**（实例 → 全局 → 默认）。
+//!
+//! 依据：M157 的定案（叠加/冲突规则见该 mission 的 notes；用户 2026-11-07 拍板实例配置页
+//! 支持启动参数，含 MC 26.2+ 的 `--graphicsBackend vulkan`）。
+//!
+//! # 为什么是「五项全 Option」
+//!
+//! 每个字段独立回落：只填了内存的实例不能把全局 JVM 参数一起顶掉。`None`（或空白字符串）
+//! = 这一项跟随下一层，与 D20 的 `isolation` 同一套稀疏语义（[`super::install::instance`]）。
+//!
+//! # 键名为什么叫 `launch` 而不是 `overrides`
+//!
+//! `overrides` 已经被 D20 占用（`["maxMemory", "javaType", "runningDirectory"]` 这份
+//! 「该实例覆盖了哪些全局键」的清单），抢占会让存量实例文件的语义漂移。五项**取值**段落
+//! 落在 `launch` 对象里，互不干扰。
+//!
+//! # 三级回落逐项（**不是整段覆盖**）
+//!
+//! | 字段 | 实例层 | 全局层 | 出厂默认 |
+//! |---|---|---|---|
+//! | `jvmArgs` | `launch.jvmArgs` | `java.extra_args` | 空 |
+//! | `gameArgs` | `launch.gameArgs` | （无全局键，留 `None`） | 空 |
+//! | `memoryMb` | `launch.memoryMb` | `java.default_memory_mb` | [`DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_MB`] |
+//! | `javaPath` | `launch.javaPath` | `java.selected_path` | 自动挑（托管 > JAVA_HOME > PATH） |
+//! | `graphicsBackend` | `launch.graphicsBackend` | （无全局键，留 `None`） | `default` |
+//!
+//! `jvmArgs` 是**追加**而不是替换：全局是基线（进组装表第 7 项 `user.jvm`），实例是精调
+//! （进第 4 项 `user.override_jvm`），两者都下发，同名选项 JVM 取后出现者 ⇒ 实例赢。
+//! 落位实现在 [`crate::launch::overrides`]，本文件只给**生效值**（纯计算、零 IO）。
+//!
+//! # 越界的内存值不算「覆盖」
+//!
+//! 手改文件能绕过 schema 校验，所以 `memoryMb` 在这个模块里也过一遍范围：
+//! 越界 ⇒ 当作没填（落到下一层），而不是拿 `-Xmx0m` 去把 JVM 启动弄崩。判据与
+//! `setting::instance_keys` 登记的区间同源（[`MIN_MAX_MEMORY_MB`] / [`MAX_MAX_MEMORY_MB`]）。
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// 出厂默认最大堆（MiB）：与 `setting::keys` 的 `java.default_memory_mb` 默认值一致。
+pub const DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_MB: u32 = 2048;
+/// `memoryMb` 允许的下限（MiB）。
+pub const MIN_MAX_MEMORY_MB: u32 = 256;
+/// `memoryMb` 允许的上限（MiB）。
+pub const MAX_MAX_MEMORY_MB: u32 = 65536;
+
+/// 图形后端三态（任务书：默认 / OpenGL / Vulkan）。
+///
+/// `Default` **不是**「交给 JVM 决定」的另一个参数，而是「不下发 `--graphicsBackend`」——
+/// 26.2 以前根本没有这个参数，下发即 `UnrecognizedOptionException`。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Copy, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "snake_case")]
+pub enum GraphicsBackend {
+    /// 不下发（游戏按自己的默认后端启动）。
+    #[default]
+    Default,
+    /// `--graphicsBackend opengl`。
+    Opengl,
+    /// `--graphicsBackend vulkan`。
+    Vulkan,
+}
+
+impl GraphicsBackend {
+    /// 全部三态（顺序即 UI 下拉的展示顺序）。
+    pub const ALL: [Self; 3] = [Self::Default, Self::Opengl, Self::Vulkan];
+    /// 中文档位说明里的稳定 id 之一。
+    pub const IDS: [&'static str; 3] = ["default", "opengl", "vulkan"];
+
+    /// 稳定 id（`default` / `opengl` / `vulkan`；GUI 与 `--json` 同词表）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn as_str(self) -> &'static str {
+        match self {
+            Self::Default => "default",
+            Self::Opengl => "opengl",
+            Self::Vulkan => "vulkan",
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 从稳定 id 解析；未知值返回 `None`（**调用方必须报错**，不许静默退化成 `default`）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn parse(raw: &str) -> Option<Self> {
+        let wanted = raw.trim();
+        Self::ALL
+            .into_iter()
+            .find(|backend| backend.as_str().eq_ignore_ascii_case(wanted))
+    }
+
+    /// `--graphicsBackend` 的取值；`Default` = 不下发（`None`）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn flag_value(self) -> Option<&'static str> {
+        match self {
+            Self::Default => None,
+            Self::Opengl => Some("opengl"),
+            Self::Vulkan => Some("vulkan"),
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 是否需要下发参数（`default` 不需要）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub const fn is_default(self) -> bool {
+        matches!(self, Self::Default)
+    }
+}
+
+/// 实例级启动参数覆盖（`config/instances/<id>.json` 的 `launch` 段）。
+///
+/// 稀疏：只写用户显式改过的项，键不存在即「跟随下一层」。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+#[serde(rename_all = "camelCase", default)]
+pub struct LaunchOverrides {
+    /// 实例级 JVM 参数（空白分隔的文本，支持引号）；空 = 只用全局 `java.extra_args`。
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub jvm_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例级游戏参数（同上）；空 = 不追加。
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub game_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 最大堆（MiB）；空或越界 = 跟随全局 `java.default_memory_mb`。
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub memory_mb: Option<u32>,
+    /// 实例级 Java 可执行文件；空 = 跟随全局 `java.selected_path` 再退到自动挑。
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub java_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// 图形后端；空 = `default`（不下发 `--graphicsBackend`）。
+    ///
+    /// 反序列化对未知值**报错**（`unknown variant`），不静默落成 `default`。
+    #[serde(skip_serializing_if = "Option::is_none")]
+    pub graphics_backend: Option<GraphicsBackend>,
+}
+
+impl LaunchOverrides {
+    /// 整段是否为空（序列化时用来决定 `launch` 键出不出现）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.normalized() == Self::default()
+    }
+
+    /// 归一：空白字符串与空路径当作没填（用户清空输入框 = 回到跟随）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn normalized(&self) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            jvm_args: non_blank(self.jvm_args.as_deref()).map(str::to_string),
+            game_args: non_blank(self.game_args.as_deref()).map(str::to_string),
+            memory_mb: self.memory_mb.filter(|value| valid_memory(*value)),
+            java_path: self
+                .java_path
+                .as_ref()
+                .map(|path| path.display().to_string())
+                .filter(|text| !text.trim().is_empty())
+                .map(PathBuf::from),
+            graphics_backend: self.graphics_backend,
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 生效的最大堆（已过范围校验；`None` = 这一层没给）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn effective_memory_mb(&self) -> Option<u32> {
+        self.memory_mb.filter(|value| valid_memory(*value))
+    }
+}
+
+/// 全局层（`config/launcher.json` 里与启动参数相关的键）。
+///
+/// 读配置归调用方（CLI / presenter 的 host），本结构只承载**值**——`game` 不 import
+/// `setting`，回落规则才能纯函数化、可纯单测。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+    /// `java.extra_args`（基线 JVM 参数）。
+    pub jvm_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 全局游戏参数（本轮没有对应设置键，留 `None` 占位，回落链照样逐项成立）。
+    pub game_args: Option<String>,
+    /// `java.default_memory_mb`。
+    pub memory_mb: Option<u32>,
+    /// `java.selected_path`。
+    pub java_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// 全局图形后端（本轮没有对应设置键）。
+    pub graphics_backend: Option<GraphicsBackend>,
+}
+
+impl GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+    /// 只带 `java.extra_args` 的最小构造（测试/CLI 常用）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn with_jvm_args(text: impl Into<String>) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            jvm_args: Some(text.into()),
+            ..Self::default()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 三级回落之后的**生效值**（拼装链的输入，见 [`crate::launch::overrides::apply`]）。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct ResolvedLaunch {
+    /// 全局层 JVM 参数（组装表第 7 项，`None` = 没有）。
+    pub global_jvm_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例层 JVM 参数（组装表第 4 项，最高优先级，`None` = 没有）。
+    pub instance_jvm_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 游戏参数（第 32 项，最后追加）。
+    pub game_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 生效最大堆（三级回落 + 范围校验 + 出厂默认，**恒有值**）。
+    pub memory_mb: u32,
+    /// 生效 Java 可执行文件；`None` = 调用方走自动挑。
+    pub java_path: Option<PathBuf>,
+    /// 生效图形后端（`Default` = 不下发）。
+    pub graphics_backend: GraphicsBackend,
+}
+
+impl ResolvedLaunch {
+    /// 是否与「全默认」等价（测试与日志用）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_defaults(&self) -> bool {
+        self.global_jvm_args.is_none()
+            && self.instance_jvm_args.is_none()
+            && self.game_args.is_none()
+            && self.memory_mb == DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_MB
+            && self.java_path.is_none()
+            && self.graphics_backend.is_default()
+    }
+}
+
+/// 三级回落：`instance` 为 `None`/空项一律落到 `global`，再落到出厂默认。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn resolve(
+    instance: Option<&LaunchOverrides>,
+    global: &GlobalLaunchDefaults,
+) -> ResolvedLaunch {
+    let instance = instance
+        .map(LaunchOverrides::normalized)
+        .unwrap_or_default();
+    let global = GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+        jvm_args: non_blank(global.jvm_args.as_deref()).map(str::to_string),
+        game_args: non_blank(global.game_args.as_deref()).map(str::to_string),
+        memory_mb: global.memory_mb.filter(|value| valid_memory(*value)),
+        java_path: global.java_path.clone(),
+        graphics_backend: global.graphics_backend,
+    };
+
+    ResolvedLaunch {
+        global_jvm_args: global.jvm_args,
+        instance_jvm_args: instance.jvm_args,
+        // gameArgs 是**替换**语义：实例给了就用实例的（全局层本轮恒空）。
+        game_args: instance.game_args.or(global.game_args),
+        memory_mb: instance
+            .memory_mb
+            .or(global.memory_mb)
+            .unwrap_or(DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_MB),
+        java_path: instance.java_path.or(global.java_path),
+        graphics_backend: instance
+            .graphics_backend
+            .or(global.graphics_backend)
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// 内存范围判据（与 `setting::instance_keys` 登记的区间同源）。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn valid_memory(mb: u32) -> bool {
+    (MIN_MAX_MEMORY_MB..=MAX_MAX_MEMORY_MB).contains(&mb)
+}
+
+/// 五项**文本**补丁（GUI 表单与 CLI 共用）：`None` = 这一项不改；`Some("")` = 清空回「跟随」。
+///
+/// 校验只在这里做一次（内存整数/范围、图形后端词表），两个调用端都拿同一条错误文案——
+/// 否则「GUI 说合法、CLI 说非法」这类两套真相迟早出现。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, Default, PartialEq, Eq)]
+pub struct LaunchOverridesPatch {
+    /// 实例层 JVM 参数原文。
+    pub jvm_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例层游戏参数原文。
+    pub game_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例层最大堆（文本形态，见 [`MIN_MAX_MEMORY_MB`] / [`MAX_MAX_MEMORY_MB`]）。
+    pub memory_mb: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例层 Java 可执行文件。
+    pub java_path: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例层图形后端（`default` / `opengl` / `vulkan`）。
+    pub graphics_backend: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl LaunchOverridesPatch {
+    /// 只改图形后端（下拉切换的最小补丁）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn backend(id: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            graphics_backend: Some(id.to_string()),
+            ..Self::default()
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 清空全部五项（`--clear` 的语义；随后可按需再给几项）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn clear_all() -> Self {
+        Self {
+            jvm_args: Some(String::new()),
+            game_args: Some(String::new()),
+            memory_mb: Some(String::new()),
+            java_path: Some(String::new()),
+            graphics_backend: Some("default".to_string()),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+impl LaunchOverrides {
+    /// 应用文本补丁：`None` 不动、空串清空；非法值**报错**（不静默丢弃）。
+    ///
+    /// # Errors
+    ///
+    /// 内存不是整数、越界，或图形后端不在 [`GraphicsBackend::IDS`] 里时返回用户可读文案。
+    pub fn patched(&self, patch: &LaunchOverridesPatch) -> Result<Self, String> {
+        let mut next = self.normalized();
+        if let Some(text) = &patch.jvm_args {
+            next.jvm_args = non_blank(Some(text)).map(str::to_string);
+        }
+        if let Some(text) = &patch.game_args {
+            next.game_args = non_blank(Some(text)).map(str::to_string);
+        }
+        if let Some(text) = &patch.memory_mb {
+            next.memory_mb = parse_memory(text)?;
+        }
+        if let Some(text) = &patch.java_path {
+            next.java_path = non_blank(Some(text)).map(PathBuf::from);
+        }
+        if let Some(text) = &patch.graphics_backend {
+            next.graphics_backend = match GraphicsBackend::parse(text) {
+                // `default` 是「不下发」而不是要落盘的覆盖值：清成 None（稀疏语义）。
+                Some(GraphicsBackend::Default) => None,
+                Some(backend) => Some(backend),
+                None => {
+                    return Err(format!(
+                        "无法识别的图形后端 `{text}`（只接受 {}）",
+                        GraphicsBackend::IDS.join(" / ")
+                    ))
+                }
+            };
+        }
+        Ok(next)
+    }
+}
+
+/// 内存文本 → `Option<u32>`（空 = 清空；非整数/越界 = 错）。
+fn parse_memory(text: &str) -> Result<Option<u32>, String> {
+    let Some(text) = non_blank(Some(text)) else {
+        return Ok(None);
+    };
+    let value: u32 = text
+        .parse()
+        .map_err(|_| format!("内存需要是整数（MiB），收到 `{text}`"))?;
+    if !valid_memory(value) {
+        return Err(format!(
+            "内存超出范围（{MIN_MAX_MEMORY_MB}~{MAX_MAX_MEMORY_MB} MiB），收到 {value}"
+        ));
+    }
+    Ok(Some(value))
+}
+
+fn non_blank(text: Option<&str>) -> Option<&str> {
+    text.map(str::trim).filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;

crates/core/src/game/launch_overrides/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,295 @@
+use super::*;
+
+fn instance_with(field: &str) -> LaunchOverrides {
+    match field {
+        "jvm" => LaunchOverrides {
+            jvm_args: Some("-XX:+UseG1GC".to_string()),
+            ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+        },
+        "game" => LaunchOverrides {
+            game_args: Some("--fullscreen".to_string()),
+            ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+        },
+        "memory" => LaunchOverrides {
+            memory_mb: Some(6144),
+            ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+        },
+        "java" => LaunchOverrides {
+            java_path: Some(PathBuf::from("D:/jdk21/bin/java.exe")),
+            ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+        },
+        "backend" => LaunchOverrides {
+            graphics_backend: Some(GraphicsBackend::Vulkan),
+            ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+        },
+        other => panic!("未知字段 {other}"),
+    }
+}
+
+fn global_with(field: &str) -> GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+    match field {
+        "jvm" => GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+            jvm_args: Some("-Xss4m".to_string()),
+            ..GlobalLaunchDefaults::default()
+        },
+        "game" => GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+            game_args: Some("--foo".to_string()),
+            ..GlobalLaunchDefaults::default()
+        },
+        "memory" => GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+            memory_mb: Some(3072),
+            ..GlobalLaunchDefaults::default()
+        },
+        "java" => GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+            java_path: Some(PathBuf::from("C:/jdk17/bin/java.exe")),
+            ..GlobalLaunchDefaults::default()
+        },
+        "backend" => GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+            graphics_backend: Some(GraphicsBackend::Opengl),
+            ..GlobalLaunchDefaults::default()
+        },
+        other => panic!("未知字段 {other}"),
+    }
+}
+
+/// **三级回落逐项**：五项各自走「实例 → 全局 → 默认」，一项不得连坐另一项。
+#[test]
+fn every_field_falls_back_on_its_own() {
+    for field in ["jvm", "game", "memory", "java", "backend"] {
+        // ① 实例有值 → 实例赢（jvm 例外：两层叠加，见下一条测试）。
+        let from_instance = resolve(
+            Some(&instance_with(field)),
+            &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default(),
+        );
+        let from_global = resolve(None, &global_with(field));
+        let neither = resolve(None, &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default());
+
+        match field {
+            "jvm" => {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    from_instance.instance_jvm_args.as_deref(),
+                    Some("-XX:+UseG1GC")
+                );
+                assert_eq!(from_global.global_jvm_args.as_deref(), Some("-Xss4m"));
+                assert!(neither.global_jvm_args.is_none());
+                assert!(neither.instance_jvm_args.is_none());
+            }
+            "game" => {
+                assert_eq!(from_instance.game_args.as_deref(), Some("--fullscreen"));
+                assert_eq!(from_global.game_args.as_deref(), Some("--foo"));
+                assert!(neither.game_args.is_none());
+            }
+            "memory" => {
+                assert_eq!(from_instance.memory_mb, 6144);
+                assert_eq!(from_global.memory_mb, 3072);
+                assert_eq!(neither.memory_mb, DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_MB);
+            }
+            "java" => {
+                assert_eq!(
+                    from_instance.java_path.as_deref(),
+                    Some(std::path::Path::new("D:/jdk21/bin/java.exe"))
+                );
+                assert_eq!(
+                    from_global.java_path.as_deref(),
+                    Some(std::path::Path::new("C:/jdk17/bin/java.exe"))
+                );
+                assert!(neither.java_path.is_none());
+            }
+            "backend" => {
+                assert_eq!(from_instance.graphics_backend, GraphicsBackend::Vulkan);
+                assert_eq!(from_global.graphics_backend, GraphicsBackend::Opengl);
+                assert_eq!(neither.graphics_backend, GraphicsBackend::Default);
+            }
+            _ => unreachable!(),
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+/// 只填了一项时，其余各项**不受牵连**（稀疏语义的真判据）。
+#[test]
+fn one_field_does_not_reset_the_others() {
+    let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+        memory_mb: Some(8192),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    let global = GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+        jvm_args: Some("-XX:+UseZGC".to_string()),
+        game_args: Some("--width 1280".to_string()),
+        memory_mb: Some(2048),
+        java_path: Some(PathBuf::from("C:/java.exe")),
+        graphics_backend: Some(GraphicsBackend::Opengl),
+    };
+    let resolved = resolve(Some(&instance), &global);
+    assert_eq!(resolved.memory_mb, 8192, "实例内存赢");
+    assert_eq!(
+        resolved.global_jvm_args.as_deref(),
+        Some("-XX:+UseZGC"),
+        "全局 JVM 参数照旧下发（追加语义）"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(resolved.game_args.as_deref(), Some("--width 1280"));
+    assert_eq!(
+        resolved.java_path.as_deref(),
+        Some(std::path::Path::new("C:/java.exe"))
+    );
+    assert_eq!(
+        resolved.graphics_backend,
+        GraphicsBackend::Opengl,
+        "实例没给后端 → 落到全局层"
+    );
+}
+
+/// 空白字符串 = 没填：用户清空输入框必须回到跟随全局，而不是下发一个空参数。
+#[test]
+fn blank_text_falls_back_to_the_next_layer() {
+    let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+        jvm_args: Some("   ".to_string()),
+        game_args: Some(String::new()),
+        java_path: Some(PathBuf::from("  ")),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    assert!(instance.is_empty(), "全空白视为空段");
+    let resolved = resolve(
+        Some(&instance),
+        &GlobalLaunchDefaults::with_jvm_args("-Xmx1g"),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(resolved.global_jvm_args.as_deref(), Some("-Xmx1g"));
+    assert!(resolved.instance_jvm_args.is_none());
+    assert!(resolved.game_args.is_none());
+    assert!(resolved.java_path.is_none());
+}
+
+/// 越界的内存值不算覆盖（手改文件绕得过 schema，绕不过这里）。
+#[test]
+fn out_of_range_memory_falls_back() {
+    for bad in [0, 1, MIN_MAX_MEMORY_MB - 1, MAX_MAX_MEMORY_MB + 1] {
+        let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+            memory_mb: Some(bad),
+            ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+        };
+        let resolved = resolve(Some(&instance), &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default());
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolved.memory_mb, DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_MB,
+            "{bad} MiB 不该生效"
+        );
+    }
+    let ok = resolve(
+        Some(&instance_with("memory")),
+        &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default(),
+    );
+    assert_eq!(ok.memory_mb, 6144);
+}
+
+/// 无效 `graphicsBackend` 值**拒绝**（不是静默落成 default）。
+#[test]
+fn unknown_graphics_backend_is_rejected() {
+    let error = serde_json::from_str::<LaunchOverrides>(r#"{"graphicsBackend":"vulkan2"}"#)
+        .expect_err("未知取值必须报错");
+    assert!(
+        error.to_string().contains("unknown variant"),
+        "错误文案要指出是变体不明：{error}"
+    );
+    // 大小写与空白容错只发生在 `parse` 这条显式路径上。
+    assert_eq!(
+        GraphicsBackend::parse(" VULKAN "),
+        Some(GraphicsBackend::Vulkan)
+    );
+    assert_eq!(GraphicsBackend::parse("metal"), None);
+    assert_eq!(GraphicsBackend::parse(""), None);
+}
+
+/// 三态词表与 `--graphicsBackend` 取值：`default` 不下发。
+#[test]
+fn backend_flag_values_skip_default() {
+    assert_eq!(GraphicsBackend::Default.flag_value(), None);
+    assert_eq!(GraphicsBackend::Opengl.flag_value(), Some("opengl"));
+    assert_eq!(GraphicsBackend::Vulkan.flag_value(), Some("vulkan"));
+    for (backend, id) in GraphicsBackend::ALL.into_iter().zip(GraphicsBackend::IDS) {
+        assert_eq!(backend.as_str(), id);
+        assert_eq!(GraphicsBackend::parse(id), Some(backend));
+    }
+}
+
+/// 落盘形状：空段不写键；有值才出现（稀疏），且能原样读回来。
+#[test]
+fn empty_section_is_not_serialized() {
+    let empty = serde_json::to_string(&LaunchOverrides::default()).expect("序列化");
+    assert_eq!(empty, "{}");
+    let filled = LaunchOverrides {
+        memory_mb: Some(4096),
+        graphics_backend: Some(GraphicsBackend::Vulkan),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    let json = serde_json::to_string(&filled).expect("序列化");
+    assert_eq!(json, r#"{"memoryMb":4096,"graphicsBackend":"vulkan"}"#);
+    let back: LaunchOverrides = serde_json::from_str(&json).expect("反序列化");
+    assert_eq!(back, filled);
+}
+
+/// **补丁语义**：`None` 不动、`Some("")` 清空、非法值报错（GUI 与 CLI 共用这一条实现）。
+#[test]
+fn patch_touches_only_the_fields_it_is_given() {
+    let current = LaunchOverrides {
+        jvm_args: Some("-Xss4m".to_string()),
+        game_args: Some("--fullscreen".to_string()),
+        memory_mb: Some(4096),
+        java_path: Some(PathBuf::from("C:/jdk21/bin/java.exe")),
+        graphics_backend: Some(GraphicsBackend::Opengl),
+    };
+    // 只给内存：其余四项原样保留。
+    let patched = current
+        .patched(&LaunchOverridesPatch {
+            memory_mb: Some("8192".to_string()),
+            ..LaunchOverridesPatch::default()
+        })
+        .expect("合法补丁");
+    assert_eq!(patched.memory_mb, Some(8192));
+    assert_eq!(patched.jvm_args.as_deref(), Some("-Xss4m"));
+    assert_eq!(patched.graphics_backend, Some(GraphicsBackend::Opengl));
+
+    // 空串清空；空白也算清空。
+    let cleared = current
+        .patched(&LaunchOverridesPatch {
+            jvm_args: Some("  ".to_string()),
+            game_args: Some(String::new()),
+            ..LaunchOverridesPatch::default()
+        })
+        .expect("清空");
+    assert!(cleared.jvm_args.is_none());
+    assert!(cleared.game_args.is_none());
+    assert_eq!(cleared.memory_mb, Some(4096), "没给的项不许被连带清掉");
+
+    // `clear_all` 把五项一起清掉（`default` 后端同样落成「没有覆盖」）。
+    let cleared = current
+        .patched(&LaunchOverridesPatch::clear_all())
+        .expect("全清");
+    assert!(cleared.is_empty(), "{cleared:?}");
+}
+
+/// 非法补丁值必须报错：内存非整数/越界、后端词表外。
+#[test]
+fn patch_rejects_invalid_values() {
+    let current = LaunchOverrides::default();
+    for bad in ["4g", "0", "1", "999999"] {
+        let patch = LaunchOverridesPatch {
+            memory_mb: Some(bad.to_string()),
+            ..LaunchOverridesPatch::default()
+        };
+        assert!(current.patched(&patch).is_err(), "`{bad}` 不该通过内存校验");
+    }
+    for bad in ["vulkan2", "metal", "gl"] {
+        let error = current
+            .patched(&LaunchOverridesPatch::backend(bad))
+            .expect_err("未知后端要报错");
+        assert!(error.contains(bad), "{error}");
+        assert!(error.contains("vulkan"), "错误文案要给出可选值：{error}");
+    }
+    // 大小写容错走 `parse`（显式路径），落盘仍是小写稳定 id。
+    let patched = current
+        .patched(&LaunchOverridesPatch::backend(" VULKAN "))
+        .expect("大小写容错");
+    assert_eq!(patched.graphics_backend, Some(GraphicsBackend::Vulkan));
+    assert_eq!(
+        serde_json::to_string(&patched).expect("序列化"),
+        r#"{"graphicsBackend":"vulkan"}"#
+    );
+}

crates/core/src/game/mod.rs

@@ -34,6 +34,7 @@ pub mod inherit;
 pub mod install;
 pub mod isolation;
 pub mod java;
+pub mod launch_overrides;
 pub mod layout;
 pub mod library;
 pub mod loader;
@@ -55,6 +56,11 @@ pub use isolation::{
     IsolationSource, ModeChange, ModeChangeProbe, ModeChangeWarning, SideContent,
     PROBED_CONTENT_DIRS, SHARED_LAYERS,
 };
+pub use launch_overrides::{
+    resolve as resolve_launch_overrides, valid_memory, GlobalLaunchDefaults, GraphicsBackend,
+    LaunchOverrides, LaunchOverridesPatch, ResolvedLaunch, DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_MB,
+    MAX_MAX_MEMORY_MB, MIN_MAX_MEMORY_MB,
+};
 pub use layout::GameLayout;
 pub use library::{Library, MavenCoordinate};
 pub use loader::{InstanceLoader, LoaderKind};

crates/core/src/launch/mod.rs

@@ -40,6 +40,7 @@ pub mod launch_session;
 pub mod launcher;
 pub mod log_level;
 pub mod natives;
+pub mod overrides;
 pub mod placeholders;
 pub mod platform;
 pub mod process;

crates/core/src/launch/overrides.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,74 @@
+//! 实例级启动参数的**落位**：`ResolvedLaunch` → [`LaunchRequest`]。
+//!
+//! 三级回落本身在 [`crate::game::launch_overrides`]（纯计算）；本模块只回答「落到哪一段」，
+//! 规则与理由见 M157 的定案（叠加/冲突），这里给出可执行的对照表：
+//!
+//! | 生效值 | 落点 | 组装表 | 为什么在这儿 |
+//! |---|---|---|---|
+//! | 全局 `java.extra_args` | `user.jvm` | 第 7 项 | 基线：按“默认值”处理，可被清单参数抑制 |
+//! | 实例 `launch.jvmArgs` | `user.override_jvm` | 第 4 项 | 精调：最高优先级，`-Xmx`/编码/代理默认值全被它抑制 |
+//! | 实例 `launch.gameArgs` | `user.game` | 第 32 项 | 最后追加，可覆盖前面一切游戏参数 |
+//! | `memoryMb`（已回落） | `memory.max_mb` | 第 5 项 | `-Xmx` 只从这里长出来 |
+//! | `graphicsBackend` | `graphics_backend` | 第 31 项 | 仍过 `graphics_backend_allowed` 门槛，不放行给诊断告警 |
+//! | `javaPath` | **不进来** | — | Java 选择在调用方（`JavaSelection`），见标量注释 |
+//!
+//! # 两条必须一起读的结论
+//!
+//! 1. **追加，不替换**：全局与实例的 JVM 参数都下发。实例段在前、全局段在后，同名选项由 JVM
+//!    取后出现者——但注意组装表第 4 项在 `-Xmx` **之前**：实例文本里的 `-Xmx` 会抑制内存字段
+//!    产出的 `-Xmx`（这是「文本比字段更精确」的表达，不是 bug）；
+//! 2. **全局文本里的 `-Xmx` 不生效**：第 7 项晚于第 5 项，`-Xmx` 已被内存字段占住
+//!    （`add_default` 语义）。要改堆请用内存字段或实例 JVM 文本——写进注释与测试，别当特例。
+//!
+//! `javaPath` 不进 `LaunchRequest`：那份结构只收选好的 [`crate::launch::request::JavaSelection`]，
+//! 调用方用 `resolved.java_path` 决定「显式路径优先 / 自动挑」。
+
+use std::path::Path;
+
+use crate::game::launch_overrides::ResolvedLaunch;
+use crate::launch::command_builder::tokenize;
+use crate::launch::request::{LaunchRequest, MemoryOptions};
+
+/// 把三级回落后的生效值写进请求（覆盖 `user.*` / `memory` / `graphics_backend` 三处）。
+///
+/// 调用方在 [`crate::launch::adapter::build_request`] 之后调用一次即可；它**接管**这三处，
+/// 所以别在此之前再往 `user` 里塞东西（目前 CLI 与 GUI 都没有别的来源，契约就是这一段）。
+pub fn apply(request: &mut LaunchRequest, resolved: &ResolvedLaunch) {
+    request.user.jvm = tokens(resolved.global_jvm_args.as_deref());
+    request.user.override_jvm = tokens(resolved.instance_jvm_args.as_deref());
+    request.user.game = tokens(resolved.game_args.as_deref());
+    request.memory = MemoryOptions {
+        min_mb: request.memory.min_mb,
+        max_mb: Some(resolved.memory_mb),
+    };
+    request.graphics_backend = resolved.graphics_backend.flag_value().map(str::to_string);
+}
+
+/// 实例/全局给的显式 Java 路径（`None` = 调用方走自动挑）。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn java_binary(resolved: &ResolvedLaunch) -> Option<&Path> {
+    resolved.java_path.as_deref()
+}
+
+/// 版本能不能下发 `--graphicsBackend`：**解析过继承链的**版本 JSON + 游戏版本号。
+///
+/// `resolved_json` 必须是继承解析之后的那份（26.2 的 `lwjgl-vulkan` 在父层，
+/// 只看 loader 层会漏）。判据本身仍是 [`graphics_backend_allowed`] 一处实现——
+/// UI 与拼装链共用它，别在调用方再抄一遍能力位判断。
+#[must_use]
+pub fn backend_allowed(
+    version: &crate::launch::game_version::GameVersion,
+    resolved_json: &crate::game::VersionJson,
+) -> bool {
+    crate::launch::game_args::graphics_backend_allowed(
+        version,
+        crate::game::VersionCapabilities::from_json(resolved_json).has_vulkan_backend,
+    )
+}
+
+fn tokens(text: Option<&str>) -> Vec<String> {
+    text.map(tokenize).unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;

crates/core/src/launch/overrides/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use super::*;
+use crate::game::launch_overrides::{
+    resolve, GlobalLaunchDefaults, GraphicsBackend, LaunchOverrides,
+};
+use crate::launch::adapter::{build_request, AdapterOptions, LibraryInput, SnapshotInput};
+use crate::launch::args_table::{assemble, AssemblyWarning};
+use crate::launch::game_version::GameVersion;
+use crate::launch::platform::{OsFamily, PlatformCtx};
+use crate::launch::request::{
+    AuthPlaceholders, InstanceInfo, JavaSelection, LaunchDirs, LauncherInfo, Log4jOptions,
+    ManifestArgs, OptimizationOptions,
+};
+
+fn request(version: &str) -> LaunchRequest {
+    LaunchRequest {
+        instance: InstanceInfo {
+            id: "inst-1".to_string(),
+            name: version.to_string(),
+            version: GameVersion::parse(version),
+            version_type: "release".to_string(),
+        },
+        launcher: LauncherInfo {
+            name: "UnluckyLauncher".to_string(),
+            version: "0.2.2".to_string(),
+        },
+        java: JavaSelection::new("C:/java/bin/java.exe", 21, 64),
+        memory: MemoryOptions {
+            min_mb: None,
+            max_mb: None,
+        },
+        manifest: ManifestArgs {
+            main_class: Some("net.minecraft.client.main.Main".to_string()),
+            ..ManifestArgs::default()
+        },
+        dirs: LaunchDirs {
+            game_dir: PathBuf::from("C:/mc"),
+            primary_jar: PathBuf::from("C:/mc/versions/x/x.jar"),
+            ..LaunchDirs::default()
+        },
+        classpath: vec![PathBuf::from("C:/mc/libraries/a.jar")],
+        auth: AuthPlaceholders::default(),
+        log4j: Log4jOptions {
+            enabled: false,
+            ..Log4jOptions::default()
+        },
+        optimization: OptimizationOptions {
+            enabled: false,
+            physical_memory_mb: None,
+        },
+        language: "zh-CN".to_string(),
+        ..LaunchRequest::default()
+    }
+}
+
+fn ctx() -> PlatformCtx {
+    PlatformCtx::new(OsFamily::Windows, "x86_64")
+}
+
+fn argvs(req: &LaunchRequest) -> Vec<String> {
+    assemble(req, &ctx()).expect("组装应成功").args
+}
+
+fn position(args: &[String], needle: &str) -> Option<usize> {
+    args.iter().position(|arg| arg == needle)
+}
+
+/// **叠加规则**：实例段在 `-Xmx` 之前、全局段在之后；两段都下发（不替换）。
+#[test]
+fn instance_and_global_jvm_args_stack_in_order() {
+    let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+        jvm_args: Some("-XX:+UseG1GC".to_string()),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    let global = GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+        jvm_args: Some("-Xss4m".to_string()),
+        ..GlobalLaunchDefaults::default()
+    };
+    let resolved = resolve(Some(&instance), &global);
+    let mut req = request("1.20.4");
+    apply(&mut req, &resolved);
+    let args = argvs(&req);
+
+    let instance_at = position(&args, "-XX:+UseG1GC").expect("实例参数要下发");
+    let memory_at = position(&args, "-Xmx2048m").expect("内存字段要产 -Xmx");
+    let global_at = position(&args, "-Xss4m").expect("全局参数要下发");
+    assert!(
+        instance_at < memory_at,
+        "实例段（override_jvm）必须在 -Xmx 之前：{args:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        global_at > memory_at,
+        "全局段（user.jvm）在 -Xmx 之后（基线不抢内存字段）：{args:?}"
+    );
+}
+
+/// **-Xmx 冲突**：实例文本写 `-Xmx` ⇒ 内存字段不再产出（文本赢）；全局文本写 `-Xmx` ⇒ 被内存字段抑制。
+#[test]
+fn xmx_conflict_follows_the_assembly_order() {
+    let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+        jvm_args: Some("-Xmx3g".to_string()),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    let resolved = resolve(Some(&instance), &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default());
+    let mut req = request("1.20.4");
+    apply(&mut req, &resolved);
+    let args = argvs(&req);
+    assert!(
+        args.iter().any(|arg| arg == "-Xmx3g"),
+        "实例文本的 -Xmx 必须生效：{args:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !args.iter().any(|arg| arg == "-Xmx2048m"),
+        "内存字段的 -Xmx 必须被抑制：{args:?}"
+    );
+
+    let resolved = resolve(None, &GlobalLaunchDefaults::with_jvm_args("-Xmx3g"));
+    let mut req = request("1.20.4");
+    apply(&mut req, &resolved);
+    let args = argvs(&req);
+    assert!(
+        args.iter().any(|arg| arg == "-Xmx2048m"),
+        "全局文本的 -Xmx 不生效（第 7 项晚于第 5 项）：{args:?}"
+    );
+    assert!(!args.iter().any(|arg| arg == "-Xmx3g"), "{args:?}");
+}
+
+/// 内存三级回落落进 `-Xmx`：实例 → 全局 → 默认。
+#[test]
+fn memory_falls_back_into_xmx() {
+    let global = GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+        memory_mb: Some(6144),
+        ..GlobalLaunchDefaults::default()
+    };
+    let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+        memory_mb: Some(8192),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    for (overrides, expected) in [(Some(instance), "-Xmx8192m"), (None, "-Xmx6144m")] {
+        let resolved = resolve(overrides.as_ref(), &global);
+        let mut req = request("1.20.4");
+        apply(&mut req, &resolved);
+        assert!(
+            argvs(&req).iter().any(|arg| arg == expected),
+            "期望 {expected}"
+        );
+    }
+    let resolved = resolve(None, &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default());
+    let mut req = request("1.20.4");
+    apply(&mut req, &resolved);
+    assert!(argvs(&req).iter().any(|arg| arg == "-Xmx2048m"));
+}
+
+/// 游戏参数最后追加（可覆盖前面一切游戏参数）。
+#[test]
+fn game_args_land_at_the_tail() {
+    let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+        game_args: Some("--fullscreen --width 1920".to_string()),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    let resolved = resolve(Some(&instance), &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default());
+    let mut req = request("1.20.4");
+    apply(&mut req, &resolved);
+    let args = argvs(&req);
+    let tail = &args[args.len() - 3..];
+    assert_eq!(tail, ["--fullscreen", "--width", "1920"], "{args:?}");
+}
+
+/// **版本门槛**：26.2-snapshot-2+ 才下发；老版本不下发但必须给诊断告警（不静默）。
+#[test]
+fn graphics_backend_is_version_gated_with_a_warning() {
+    let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+        graphics_backend: Some(GraphicsBackend::Vulkan),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    let resolved = resolve(Some(&instance), &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default());
+
+    let mut supported = request("26.2-snapshot-2");
+    apply(&mut supported, &resolved);
+    let command = assemble(&supported, &ctx()).expect("组装");
+    let at = position(&command.args, "--graphicsBackend").expect("支持版本要下发");
+    assert_eq!(command.args[at + 1], "vulkan");
+    assert!(
+        !command
+            .warnings
+            .iter()
+            .any(|warning| matches!(warning, AssemblyWarning::GraphicsBackendSkipped { .. })),
+        "支持版本不该有跳过告警：{:?}",
+        command.warnings
+    );
+
+    let mut old = request("1.20.4");
+    apply(&mut old, &resolved);
+    let command = assemble(&old, &ctx()).expect("组装");
+    assert!(
+        !command.args.iter().any(|arg| arg == "--graphicsBackend"),
+        "老版本不许下发：{:?}",
+        command.args
+    );
+    assert!(
+        command
+            .warnings
+            .iter()
+            .any(|warning| matches!(warning, AssemblyWarning::GraphicsBackendSkipped { .. })),
+        "跳过必须留诊断：{:?}",
+        command.warnings
+    );
+}
+
+/// `default` = 不下发、不告警（三态里的「跟随游戏默认」）。
+#[test]
+fn default_backend_emits_nothing() {
+    for instance in [None, Some(LaunchOverrides::default())] {
+        let resolved = resolve(instance.as_ref(), &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default());
+        let mut req = request("26.2");
+        apply(&mut req, &resolved);
+        let command = assemble(&req, &ctx()).expect("组装");
+        assert!(!command.args.iter().any(|arg| arg == "--graphicsBackend"));
+        assert!(command.warnings.is_empty(), "{:?}", command.warnings);
+    }
+}
+
+/// 启动器自带的 `--fullscreen`（第 29 项）与实例游戏参数共存：实例在最后，可覆盖。
+#[test]
+fn instance_game_args_win_over_launcher_defaults() {
+    let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+        game_args: Some("--fullscreen".to_string()),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    let resolved = resolve(Some(&instance), &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default());
+    let mut req = request("1.20.4");
+    req.fullscreen = true;
+    apply(&mut req, &resolved);
+    let args = argvs(&req);
+    assert_eq!(
+        args.iter()
+            .filter(|arg| arg.as_str() == "--fullscreen")
+            .count(),
+        2,
+        "两处都给 --fullscreen，由 MC 取后者（实例段在最后）：{args:?}"
+    );
+    assert_eq!(args.last().map(String::as_str), Some("--fullscreen"));
+    assert!(
+        position(&args, "net.minecraft.client.main.Main").unwrap() < args.len() - 1,
+        "实例游戏参数必须在主类之后"
+    );
+}
+
+/// Java 路径不进请求、只作为调用方的选择依据。
+#[test]
+fn java_path_is_a_scalar_for_the_caller() {
+    let instance = LaunchOverrides {
+        java_path: Some(PathBuf::from("D:/jdk21/bin/java.exe")),
+        ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+    };
+    let resolved = resolve(Some(&instance), &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default());
+    assert_eq!(
+        java_binary(&resolved),
+        Some(Path::new("D:/jdk21/bin/java.exe"))
+    );
+    let mut req = request("1.20.4");
+    let before = req.java.binary.clone();
+    apply(&mut req, &resolved);
+    assert_eq!(req.java.binary, before, "apply 不改 Java 选择");
+}
+
+/// `backend_allowed`：继承解析后的库表 + 版本门限，两条判据的**唯一组合入口**。
+///
+/// 它是 UI 灰化与拼装链共用的那一格：调用方只负责把「继承解析后的版本 JSON」和
+/// 「游戏版本号」递进来，不许自己拼 `has_vulkan_backend && is_at_least(..)`。
+#[test]
+fn backend_allowed_combines_capability_and_threshold() {
+    use crate::game::VersionJson;
+
+    let with_vulkan = VersionJson::from_json_str(
+        r#"{"id":"x","libraries":[{"name":"org.lwjgl:lwjgl-vulkan:3.4.3"}]}"#,
+    )
+    .expect("解析");
+    let without = VersionJson::from_json_str(r#"{"id":"x"}"#).expect("解析");
+
+    // 可解析版本：精确门限说了算（库表只作周快照兜底）。
+    assert!(backend_allowed(
+        &GameVersion::parse("26.2-snapshot-2"),
+        &without
+    ));
+    assert!(!backend_allowed(
+        &GameVersion::parse("26.2-snapshot-1"),
+        &with_vulkan
+    ));
+    assert!(!backend_allowed(
+        &GameVersion::parse("1.20.4"),
+        &with_vulkan
+    ));
+    // 周快照：看库表。
+    assert!(backend_allowed(&GameVersion::parse("26w14a"), &with_vulkan));
+    assert!(!backend_allowed(&GameVersion::parse("26w14a"), &without));
+}
+
+/// **周快照 + 加载器**（M157 r3 复审 P2-1）：装配门限必须按**继承链的 MC 根版本**判。
+///
+/// 造一个 Fabric 实例（id `26w14a-fabric-0.16.5`，继承周快照 `26w14a`），库表里有
+/// `org.lwjgl:lwjgl-vulkan`：`game_version = Some("26w14a")` ⇒ 命令行带 `--graphicsBackend vulkan`；
+/// 退回到「拿带加载器后缀的 version_id 当游戏版本」⇒ `GameVersion::is_weekly_snapshot`
+/// 的 6 字符形态认不出来，参数被跳过（**负向锚点**：这正是复审复现出来的静默丢失）。
+///
+/// 抓得住：adapter 的 `game_version` 传错（调用方又回退成 `None`）——周快照 loader 实例
+/// 「UI 说可用、命令行里没有」。
+/// 抓不住：两个调用点自己有没有传（那由 presenter `host::launch::tests` 与
+/// CLI `snapshot::tests` 各自的根版本断言守）。
+#[test]
+fn modded_weekly_snapshot_needs_the_root_version_for_the_gate() {
+    let version_id = "26w14a-fabric-0.16.5";
+    let libraries = [LibraryInput::new(
+        "C:/mc/libraries/org/lwjgl/lwjgl-vulkan/3.4.3/lwjgl-vulkan-3.4.3.jar",
+        "org.lwjgl:lwjgl-vulkan:3.4.3",
+    )];
+
+    for (game_version, expected) in [(Some("26w14a"), true), (None, false)] {
+        let snapshot = SnapshotInput {
+            game_version,
+            libraries: &libraries,
+            primary_jar: PathBuf::from("C:/mc/versions/x/x.jar"),
+            ..SnapshotInput::minimal(version_id, "net.minecraft.client.main.Main")
+        };
+        let options = AdapterOptions {
+            // `assemble` 要求 Java 可执行文件非空（`EmptyJavaPath`）；adapter 默认是空路径，
+            // 所以这里显式给一个（原来这条用例从没被执行过，r4 把它提到模块层才暴露出来）。
+            java: JavaSelection::new("C:/java/bin/java.exe", 21, 64),
+            check_classpath: false,
+            language: "zh-CN".to_string(),
+            ..AdapterOptions::default()
+        };
+        let mut out = build_request(&snapshot, options).request;
+        let resolved = resolve(
+            Some(&LaunchOverrides {
+                graphics_backend: Some(GraphicsBackend::Vulkan),
+                ..LaunchOverrides::default()
+            }),
+            &GlobalLaunchDefaults::default(),
+        );
+        apply(&mut out, &resolved);
+        let command = assemble(&out, &ctx()).expect("组装应成功");
+        let sent = command.args.iter().any(|arg| arg == "--graphicsBackend");
+        assert_eq!(
+            sent, expected,
+            "game_version={game_version:?} 时是否下发不对：{:?}",
+            command.args
+        );
+        let skipped = command
+            .warnings
+            .iter()
+            .any(|warning| matches!(warning, AssemblyWarning::GraphicsBackendSkipped { .. }));
+        assert_eq!(skipped, !expected, "跳过与否必须与下发相反（不静默）");
+    }
+}

crates/core/src/setting/instance_keys.rs

@@ -41,6 +41,11 @@ pub const ISOLATION_OVERRIDES: &[&str] = &["inherit", "isolated", "shared", "cus
 pub const ISOLATION_RESOLVED: &[&str] = &["isolated", "shared", "custom"];
 /// 实例可覆盖的设置键（enum 白名单，拼错即校验失败而不是静默不生效）。
 pub const OVERRIDE_KEYS: &[&str] = &["maxMemory", "javaType", "runningDirectory"];
+/// `launch.graphicsBackend` 的允许值（`default` = 不下发 `--graphicsBackend`）。
+///
+/// 与 `crate::game::launch_overrides::GraphicsBackend::IDS` 必须是同一份集合——setting 层
+/// 不依赖 game 层（分层纪律），一致性由本文件的 `graphics_backends_match_the_game_layer` 固定。
+pub const GRAPHICS_BACKENDS: &[&str] = &["default", "opengl", "vulkan"];
 
 /// profiles.json 当前 schema 版本。
 #[must_use]
@@ -111,6 +116,42 @@ pub fn instance_schema() -> SettingSchema {
             AiPolicy::locked(),
             "该实例覆盖了全局哪些设置键（enum 白名单，拼错即校验失败）",
         ))
+        // M157：实例级启动参数（`launch` 段，五项全可选、逐项回落到全局）。
+        // 作者是 `game::install::instance::InstanceConfig`（serde 形状与这些路径逐键对应），
+        // 回落规则与生效值在 `game::launch_overrides`，拼装消费在 `launch::overrides`。
+        .with(SettingSpec::text(
+            "launch.jvmArgs",
+            "",
+            1024,
+            AiPolicy::sensitive(),
+            "实例级 JVM 参数（空白分隔、支持引号）；留空 = 只用全局 java.extra_args（两者叠加，实例优先）",
+        ))
+        .with(SettingSpec::text(
+            "launch.gameArgs",
+            "",
+            1024,
+            AiPolicy::audited(),
+            "实例级游戏参数（追加在命令行末段，可覆盖前面一切游戏参数）；留空 = 不追加",
+        ))
+        .with(SettingSpec::int(
+            "launch.memoryMb",
+            0,
+            (0, 65536),
+            AiPolicy::sensitive(),
+            "实例级最大堆（MiB）；0/缺键 = 跟随全局 java.default_memory_mb（有效区间 256~65536）",
+        ))
+        .with(SettingSpec::path(
+            "launch.javaPath",
+            AiPolicy::sensitive(),
+            "实例级 Java 可执行文件；留空 = 跟随全局 java.selected_path 再退到自动挑（托管 > JAVA_HOME > PATH）",
+        ))
+        .with(SettingSpec::enumeration(
+            "launch.graphicsBackend",
+            "default",
+            GRAPHICS_BACKENDS,
+            AiPolicy::audited(),
+            "图形后端：default（不下发）/ opengl / vulkan。只对 MC 26.2-snapshot-2+ 下发，老版本会被门槛拦下并给出诊断告警",
+        ))
         .with(SettingSpec::text(
             "lastModeChange.at",
             "",
@@ -153,3 +194,58 @@ pub fn instance_schema() -> SettingSchema {
             "该次切换的提示是否已展示过（保证切换后首次启动只提示一次）",
         ))
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// M157：图形后端词表**只有一份真相源**（`game::launch_overrides::GraphicsBackend`），
+    /// setting 层是它的白名单视图——两边脱节就是「写得进、读不出」或「UI 三态少一档」。
+    #[test]
+    fn graphics_backends_match_the_game_layer() {
+        use crate::game::launch_overrides::GraphicsBackend;
+        let mut setting: Vec<&str> = GRAPHICS_BACKENDS.to_vec();
+        let mut game: Vec<&str> = GraphicsBackend::IDS.to_vec();
+        setting.sort_unstable();
+        game.sort_unstable();
+        assert_eq!(setting, game, "setting 白名单与 game 层词表脱节了");
+        for id in GRAPHICS_BACKENDS {
+            assert!(
+                GraphicsBackend::parse(id).is_some(),
+                "`{id}` 在 game 层解析不出来"
+            );
+        }
+    }
+
+    /// 五项键真的进了实例 schema 白名单（且 `default` 之外的后端值被拒）。
+    #[test]
+    fn launch_section_keys_are_registered() {
+        let schema = instance_schema();
+        assert!(schema
+            .validate("launch.jvmArgs", &serde_json::json!("-XX:+UseG1GC"))
+            .is_ok());
+        assert!(schema
+            .validate("launch.gameArgs", &serde_json::json!("--fullscreen"))
+            .is_ok());
+        assert!(schema
+            .validate("launch.memoryMb", &serde_json::json!(4096))
+            .is_ok());
+        assert!(schema
+            .validate(
+                "launch.javaPath",
+                &serde_json::json!("D:/jdk21/bin/java.exe")
+            )
+            .is_ok());
+        assert!(schema
+            .validate("launch.graphicsBackend", &serde_json::json!("vulkan"))
+            .is_ok());
+        // 非法后端值：白名单外必须报错（手改文件绕不过校验）。
+        assert!(schema
+            .validate("launch.graphicsBackend", &serde_json::json!("vulkan2"))
+            .is_err());
+        // 越界内存：schema 层也拦。
+        assert!(schema
+            .validate("launch.memoryMb", &serde_json::json!(1_000_000))
+            .is_err());
+    }
+}

crates/i18n/src/catalog/golden.rs

@@ -40,360 +40,36 @@ pub(super) const GOLDEN: &[(&str, &str, &str)] = &[
     ("InstancesStageVerify", "Verifying", "校验中"),
     ("InstancesStageLaunch", "Starting", "启动中"),
     ("InstancesStageWindow", "Waiting for window", "等待游戏窗口"),
-    ("LoaderVanilla", "Vanilla", "原版"),
-    ("LaunchOutcomeNormal", "Finished normally", "正常结束"),
-    ("LaunchOutcomeCrash", "The game crashed", "游戏崩溃"),
-    ("LaunchOutcomeSilent", "Suspected silent failure: exit code 0, but the game never really started", "疑似静默失败：退出码 0，但游戏没真正跑起来"),
-    ("LaunchFailedWithCode", "Launch failed (exit {code}): {reason}", "启动失败（退出码 {code}）：{reason}"),
-    ("LaunchMsaNotConfigured", "Microsoft sign-in is not configured: it needs an Azure public client id (the login flow itself is implemented). Build with ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id>, or set that environment variable before launching.", "微软登录未配置：缺少 Azure 公共客户端 id（登录功能已实现，只差这一项配置）。构建时注入：ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id> cargo build；或启动前设置同名环境变量 ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id>。"),
-    ("FontCjkNeedsDownload", "No Chinese font found on this system. Download an open-source (OFL) Chinese font?", "系统里没找到中文字体。要下载一套开源（OFL）中文字体吗？"),
-    ("FontCjkDownloading", "Downloading Chinese font… {percent}%", "正在下载中文字体… {percent}%"),
-    ("FontCjkDownloadFailed", "Chinese font download failed; the interface stays in English.", "中文字体下载失败，界面暂时保持英文。"),
-    ("FontCjkReady", "Chinese font ready: {family}", "中文字体已就绪：{family}"),
-    ("SettingsLanguage", "Language", "界面语言"),
-    ("SettingsLanguageHint", "Switches the interface language. Chinese text needs a Chinese font.", "切换界面语言。显示中文需要中文字体。"),
-    ("SettingsAppearanceCorner", "Window corners", "窗口圆角"),
-    ("SettingsAppearanceCornerSystem", "Follow system", "跟随系统"),
-    ("SettingsAppearanceCornerSquare", "Square", "直角"),
-    ("SettingsAppearanceCornerHint", "On Windows 11 and Server 2025 we ask the system for rounded corners; Windows 10 keeps square corners. On macOS and Linux the desktop's own rules apply. We never draw corners ourselves.", "Windows 11 与 Windows Server 2025 上我们请求系统处理外框圆角；Windows 10 保持直角；macOS 与 Linux 交给桌面合成器自己的规则；我们不自己画圆角。"),
-    ("SettingsAppearanceCornerSuspended", "Not in effect right now: window transparency is below 100%. Setting it back to 100% restores the rounded corners.", "当前因整窗透明度不生效：把整窗透明度调回 100% 圆角即恢复。"),
-    ("CoreTextUntranslated", "[system text not translated]", "［未翻译的系统文案］"),
-    ("DownloadTitle", "Version management", "版本管理"),
-    ("DownloadSubtitle", "Manage versions and loaders: install, upgrade, repair", "管理版本与加载器：安装、升级、修复"),
-    ("DownloadRefresh", "Refresh", "刷新"),
-    ("DownloadInstall", "Install", "安装"),
-    ("DownloadCancel", "Cancel install", "取消安装"),
-    ("DownloadInstalled", "Installed", "已安装"),
-    ("DownloadCount", "{count} versions", "{count} 个版本"),
-    ("DownloadRowSupporting", "{kind} · released {date}", "{kind} · 发布于 {date}"),
-    ("DownloadSelectHint", "Pick a version, then install", "选一个版本再安装"),
-    ("DownloadLoading", "Loading versions…", "正在加载版本列表…"),
-    ("DownloadLoadingHint", "If this stays here, press Refresh in the top right.", "如果一直停在这里，点右上角的刷新。"),
-    ("DownloadEmptyTitle", "No versions to show", "没有可显示的版本"),
-    ("DownloadEmptyBody", "Pick another category, or refresh the list.", "换一个分类，或刷新一次列表。"),
-    ("DownloadCategoryAll", "All", "全部"),
-    ("DownloadCategoryRelease", "Release", "正式版"),
-    ("DownloadCategorySnapshot", "Snapshot", "预览版"),
-    ("DownloadCategoryAncient", "Ancient", "远古版"),
-    ("DownloadStagePlanning", "Planning", "解析版本"),
-    ("DownloadStageDownloading", "Downloading files", "下载文件"),
-    ("DownloadStageInstalling", "Building the version", "生成版本"),
-    ("DownloadStageRegistering", "Registering the instance", "登记实例"),
-    ("DownloadStageDone", "Done", "已完成"),
-    ("DownloadStageFailed", "Install failed", "安装失败"),
-    ("DownloadStageCancelled", "Install cancelled", "安装已取消"),
-    ("DownloadProgress", "{done}/{total} files", "{done}/{total} 文件"),
-    ("DownloadProgressUnknown", "Waiting for the first file…", "等第一个文件…"),
-    ("DownloadRate", "{speed} · {eta}", "{speed}，{eta}"),
-    ("DownloadEtaSecs", "{secs}s left", "剩 {secs}s"),
-    ("DownloadEtaMins", "{mins}m{secs}s left", "剩 {mins}m{secs}s"),
-    ("DownloadFailedHint", "The Logs page has the full reason.", "完整原因在日志页。"),
-    ("DownloadOpenLogs", "Open logs", "打开日志"),
-    ("DownloadDismiss", "Dismiss", "关闭"),
-    ("DownloadOptionsTitle", "Install options", "安装选项"),
-    ("DownloadOptionsLoaderVersion", "Loader version", "加载器版本"),
-    ("DownloadOptionsLoaderVersionsLoading", "Fetching loader versions…", "正在获取加载器版本…"),
-    ("DownloadOptionsLoaderVersionsFailed", "Could not fetch loader versions: {reason}", "取不到加载器版本：{reason}"),
-    ("DownloadOptionsLoaderVersionsEmpty", "No loader builds published for {version}", "官方没有为 {version} 发布加载器版本"),
-    ("DownloadOptionsInstanceName", "Instance name", "实例名"),
-    ("DownloadOptionsInstanceNameHint", "Empty = use the version id", "留空就用版本号"),
-    ("DownloadOptionsIncompatible", "{loader} has no builds for {version}", "{loader} 没有适配 {version} 的构建"),
-    ("DownloadOptionsNeedsAtLeast", "{loader} needs Minecraft {min} or newer", "{loader} 需要 Minecraft {min} 或更新"),
-    ("DownloadCancelled", "Install cancelled — finished files are kept, the instance was not created", "安装已取消 —— 已下好的文件保留，实例未登记"),
-    ("LogsSubtitleIdle", "Nothing is running right now", "当前没有运行中的实例"),
-    ("LogsStatus", "{instance} · {when} · {outcome}", "{instance}｜{when}｜{outcome}"),
-    ("LogsOpenFolder", "Open folder", "打开目录"),
-    ("LogsClear", "Clear", "清空"),
-    ("LogsOutputTitle", "OUTPUT", "输出"),
-    ("LogsDiagnosisTitle", "DIAGNOSIS", "诊断"),
-    ("LogsConfidenceHigh", "HIGH CONFIDENCE", "高置信度"),
-    ("LogsConfidenceMedium", "MEDIUM CONFIDENCE", "中置信度"),
-    ("LogsConfidenceLow", "LOW CONFIDENCE", "低置信度"),
-    ("LogsSubtitleLive", "Running now — logs stream as they arrive", "正在运行 — 日志实时滚动"),
-    ("LogsConfidence", "Confidence {percent}%", "置信度 {percent}%"),
-    ("LogsSuggestedFix", "Suggested fix", "建议动作"),
-    ("LogsSummaryLabel", "One-line summary", "一行摘要"),
-    ("LogsCopySummary", "Copy summary", "复制摘要"),
-    ("LogsEmptyTitle", "No output yet", "还没有输出"),
-    ("LogsEmptyBody", "Logs stream here while the launcher or the game is running. Pick an instance and start it to see the first lines.", "启动器或游戏运行时，日志会实时出现在这里。选择一个实例并启动，就能看到第一批日志。"),
-    ("LogsEmptyAction", "Choose an instance", "选择实例"),
-    ("AgentTitle", "Assistant", "助手"),
-    ("AgentSubtitle", "Simulated assistant · no real model is connected", "模拟助手 · 还没接真实模型"),
-    ("AgentCollapse", "Collapse", "收起"),
-    ("AgentDetach", "Pop out", "拆出"),
-    ("AgentDock", "Dock back", "收回"),
-    ("AgentOpen", "Open assistant", "打开助手"),
-    ("AgentStripLabel", "AI", "助手"),
-    ("AgentSend", "Send", "发送"),
-    ("AgentStop", "Stop", "中断"),
-    ("AgentPlaceholder", "Message the simulated assistant…", "给模拟助手发消息…"),
-    ("AgentEmptyTitle", "Nothing in this session yet", "这个会话还没有内容"),
-    ("AgentEmptyBody", "Ask about instances, downloads or logs. This assistant is simulated: no real model is connected.", "可以问实例、下载或日志。当前是模拟助手，没有接真实模型。"),
-    ("AgentNotePending", "Placeholder shell: your message is kept here, nothing was sent to a model.", "占位外壳：消息留在这里，没有发给任何模型。"),
-    ("AgentNoteStopped", "Stopped by you.", "你中断了这次回复。"),
-    ("AgentUnread", "{count} unread", "{count} 条未读"),
-    ("AgentResize", "Drag to resize the assistant rail", "拖动调整助手栏宽度"),
-    ("AgentWidthLabel", "Width {width}", "宽度 {width}"),
-    ("AgentRoleYou", "You", "你"),
-    ("AgentRoleAssistant", "Assistant", "助手"),
-    ("AgentRoleNotice", "Notice", "提示"),
-    ("AgentErrorTitle", "Assistant error", "助手出错"),
-    ("AgentErrorUnavailable", "Couldn't reach the assistant backend. Check the endpoint, then try again.", "连不上助手后端：检查端点后重试。"),
-    ("AgentErrorNotImplemented", "This assistant request isn't wired up yet.", "这个助手请求还没接线。"),
-    ("AgentConfirmRequest", "The assistant wants to change something: {summary}", "助手想改一项设置：{summary}"),
-    ("AgentConfirmAllow", "Allow", "允许"),
-    ("AgentConfirmDeny", "Deny", "拒绝"),
-    ("AgentSimulated", "Simulated", "模拟"),
-    ("AgentSubtitleReal", "Conversation", "会话"),
-    ("AgentPlaceholderReal", "Message the assistant…", "给助手发消息…"),
-    ("AgentEmptyBodyReal", "Ask about instances, downloads or logs.", "可以问实例、下载或日志。"),
-    // ── M106 `I18NFOLLOW`：General 分组真控件（语言选择器 + 其余三行）。**只追加在链尾**，
-    //    上一行到 `LogsEmptyAction` 的既有顺序一字未动（金表要证明的正是这件事）。
-    ("SettingsLanguageFollowSystem", "Follow system", "跟随系统"),
-    ("SettingsLanguageZhCn", "Chinese (Simplified)", "简体中文"),
-    ("SettingsLanguageEn", "English", "英文"),
-    ("SettingsLanguageEffective", "Interface right now: {language}", "界面当前使用：{language}"),
-    ("SettingsTheme", "Theme", "主题"),
-    ("SettingsThemeFollowSystem", "Follow system", "跟随系统"),
-    ("SettingsStartupPage", "Startup page", "启动页"),
-    ("SettingsStartupInstances", "Instances", "实例"),
-    ("SettingsCloseButton", "Close button", "关闭按钮"),
-    ("SettingsCloseToTray", "Exit to tray", "退出到托盘"),
-    ("SettingsSubtitle", "Launcher behaviour, Java runtimes and download sources", "启动器行为、Java 运行时与下载源"),
-    ("SettingsResetSection", "Reset section", "重置本组"),
-    ("SettingsSave", "Save", "保存"),
-    ("NavAi", "Assistant", "助手"),
-    ("SettingsGroupGeneral", "General", "通用"),
-    ("SettingsGroupAppearance", "Appearance", "外观"),
-    ("SettingsGroupJava", "Java", "Java 运行时"),
-    ("SettingsGroupDownloads", "Downloads", "下载"),
-    ("SettingsOverridesEmptyTitle", "No per-instance overrides", "没有逐实例覆盖"),
-    ("SettingsOverridesEmptyBody", "Overrides let one instance keep its own Java runtime, memory or JVM flags while the rest of the launcher keeps the defaults above.", "逐实例覆盖让某个实例保留自己的 Java 运行时、内存或 JVM 参数，其余实例沿用上面的默认值。"),
-    ("SettingsOverridesAdd", "Add override", "新增覆盖"),
-    ("AgentFallbackBody", "The assistant page is not built yet. Chat lives in the docked panel once the AI mission lands; this screen is the M68 skeleton fallback.", "助手页还没做。AI 接线落地后对话会出现在右侧停靠面板；这一屏是 M68 的骨架回退。"),
-    // --- M107 版本管理页（追加在链尾：`Key::ALL` 顺序 = 金表顺序） ---
-    ("VersionRailTitle", "Version type", "版本类型"),
-    ("VersionMajorTitle", "Major version", "主版本"),
-    ("VersionMajorAll", "All versions", "全部版本"),
-    ("VersionSearchPlaceholder", "Search version numbers", "搜版本号"),
-    ("VersionSearchClear", "Clear search", "清空搜索"),
-    ("VersionSearchHits", "{count} matches", "{count} 个匹配"),
-    ("VersionSearchEmptyTitle", "No matching versions", "没有匹配的版本"),
-    ("VersionSearchEmptyBody", "Try a shorter piece of the number — 1.21, 24w, a1.", "试试更短的片段 — 1.21、24w、a1。"),
-    ("VersionSearchElsewhere", "{count} versions match, but they are in another type.", "有 {count} 个版本匹配，但它们在别的类型里。"),
-    ("VersionSearchElsewhereAction", "Show all types", "看全部类型"),
-    // --- M107 r2（追加在末尾：`Key::ALL` 顺序 = 金表顺序） ---
-    ("VersionSearchHitsOne", "1 match", "1 个匹配"),
-    ("VersionSearchElsewhereTitle", "Found in another type", "在别的类型里找到了"),
-    ("VersionSearchElsewhereOne", "1 version matches, but it is in another type.", "有 1 个版本匹配，但它在别的类型里。"),
-    // --- M109 内容库页（同样追加在链尾：`Key::ALL` 顺序 = 金表顺序） ---
-    ("ContentTitle", "Content", "内容库"),
-    ("ContentSubtitle", "Modpacks, mods, resource packs and shaders", "整合包、Mod、资源包与光影"),
-    ("ContentSectionVersions", "Version management", "版本管理"),
-    ("ContentSectionContent", "Content library", "内容库"),
-    ("ContentKindModpack", "Modpacks", "整合包"),
-    ("ContentKindMod", "Mods", "Mod"),
-    ("ContentKindResourcepack", "Resource packs", "资源包"),
-    ("ContentKindShader", "Shaders", "光影"),
-    ("ContentSourceModrinth", "Modrinth", "Modrinth 源"),
-    ("ContentSourceCurseforge", "CurseForge", "CurseForge 源"),
-    ("ContentSortRelevance", "Relevance", "相关度"),
-    ("ContentSortDownloads", "Downloads", "下载量"),
-    ("ContentSortNewest", "Newest", "最新发布"),
-    ("ContentSortUpdated", "Recently updated", "最近更新"),
-    ("ContentSearchPlaceholder", "Search content…", "搜索内容…"),
-    ("ContentSearch", "Search", "搜索"),
-    ("ContentFilterVersion", "Game version", "游戏版本"),
-    ("ContentFilterLoader", "Loader", "加载器"),
-    ("ContentFilterAny", "Any", "不限"),
-    ("ContentCount", "{count} results", "{count} 个结果"),
-    ("ContentLoading", "Loading content…", "正在加载内容…"),
-    ("ContentLoadingHint", "Results come from the network; nothing is cached offline yet.", "结果来自网络，暂时没有离线缓存。"),
-    ("ContentEmptyTitle", "Nothing matched", "没有匹配的内容"),
-    ("ContentEmptyBody", "Try another keyword, or clear a filter.", "换个关键词，或清掉一个筛选条件。"),
-    ("ContentFailedTitle", "Could not load content", "内容加载失败"),
-    ("ContentFailedBody", "Check the network, then retry.", "检查网络后重试。"),
-    ("ContentRetry", "Retry", "重试"),
-    ("ContentLoadMore", "Load more", "加载更多"),
-    ("ContentNoMore", "No more results", "没有更多了"),
-    ("ContentDetailEmpty", "Pick an item to see what it supports.", "选一个项目看它支持什么。"),
-    ("ContentDetailDownloads", "{count} downloads", "下载量 {count}"),
-    ("ContentDetailUpdated", "Updated {date}", "更新于 {date}"),
-    ("ContentDetailLoaders", "Loaders: {list}", "加载器：{list}"),
-    ("ContentDetailVersions", "Game versions: {list}", "游戏版本：{list}"),
-    ("ContentInstall", "Install into instance", "装入实例"),
-    ("ContentTargetInstance", "Target instance", "目标实例"),
-    ("ContentNoInstances", "No instance to install into", "没有可装入的实例"),
-    ("ContentIncompatibleVersion", "Needs {version}; this instance runs {actual}", "需要 {version}，该实例运行的是 {actual}"),
-    ("ContentIncompatibleLoader", "Not built for {loader}", "不支持 {loader}"),
-    ("ContentModpackNotReady", "Installing modpacks from the library into an instance is not available yet", "从内容库一键安装整合包到实例还没做（本地的包可以直接导入）"),
-    ("ContentSourceUnavailable", "CurseForge needs an API key: add one in Settings", "CurseForge 需要在设置里配置密钥才能搜索"),
-    ("ContentSourceNotWired", "Installing from CurseForge is not available yet", "CurseForge 来源的安装尚未开放"),
-    ("PackTitle", "Modpack import & export", "整合包导入 / 导出"),
-    ("PackImportTitle", "Import a modpack", "导入整合包"),
-    ("PackDropHint", "Drop a .mrpack, .zip or a MultiMC/Prism instance folder here", "把 .mrpack / .zip 或 MultiMC·Prism 实例目录拖到这里"),
-    ("PackDropActive", "Release to probe the pack", "松手开始探测"),
-    ("PackNoDialog", "This build has no system file picker: drag the file in, or paste its path below.", "本版没有系统文件选择框：请把文件拖进来，或在下面粘贴路径。"),
-    ("PackPathLabel", "Pack path", "整合包路径"),
-    ("PackPathPlaceholder", "D:\\packs\\Better MC.mrpack", "D:\\整合包\\更好的MC.mrpack"),
-    ("PackImportAction", "Import", "导入"),
-    ("PackCancel", "Cancel import", "取消导入"),
-    ("PackDismiss", "Dismiss", "关闭"),
-    ("PackTargetLabel", "Install into", "装到实例"),
-    ("PackTargetNew", "New instance", "新建实例"),
-    ("PackInstanceName", "Instance name", "实例名"),
-    ("PackStageLine", "Step {index}/{total} · {stage}", "步骤 {index}/{total} · {stage}"),
-    ("PackStageProbe", "Reading the manifest", "读取清单"),
-    ("PackStageExtract", "Unpacking overrides", "解包覆盖内容"),
-    ("PackStageFetch", "Fetching missing files", "补下载文件"),
-    ("PackStageCommit", "Writing files", "落地写盘"),
-    ("PackStageRegister", "Registering the instance", "登记实例"),
-    ("PackProbeTitle", "This pack is almost a known format", "这个包差一点就是已知格式"),
-    ("PackProbeLooksLike", "Looks like {format}, but missing: {missing}", "看起来像 {format}，但缺：{missing}"),
-    ("PackProbeUnknown", "No known format claims this pack", "没有任何已知格式认领这个包"),
-    ("PackProbeSaw", "Found in the pack: {saw}", "包里看到：{saw}"),
-    ("PackProbeNothing", "nothing recognisable", "没有可识别的东西"),
-    ("PackStatusSuccess", "Imported", "已导入"),
-    ("PackStatusPartial", "Imported with gaps", "导入完成，但有缺口"),
-    ("PackStatusFailed", "Import failed — rolled back", "导入失败 —— 已整包回滚"),
-    ("PackReportWritten", "Files written: {count} · {bytes}", "{count} 个文件已写盘 · {bytes}"),
-    ("PackReportMissing", "Could not fetch (tolerated): {count}", "有 {count} 个文件没搞到（可容忍）"),
-    ("PackReportConflicts", "Conflicts: {count}", "冲突：{count} 个"),
-    ("PackReportRejected", "The client does not support these: {count}", "这些组件客户端不支持：{count} 个"),
-    ("PackReportRejectedNote", "not supported by the client", "客户端不支持"),
-    ("PackCancelled", "Import keeps running in the background — this result is discarded. Files already written stay.", "导入会在后台继续跑完 —— 本次结果作废；已经写下的文件会留下。"),
-    ("PackOverwriteAction", "Re-import, the pack wins", "以包为准重新导入"),
-    ("PackOverwriteNote", "Keeping both (renamed) is not supported yet: the import pipeline has one global conflict policy and no per-file decision channel.", "「两者都留（改名）」暂不支持：导入管线只有一套全局冲突策略，没有逐文件决策通道。"),
-    ("PackMissingOffline", "offline import", "离线导入"),
-    ("PackMissingNoSource", "no download source available yet", "暂时拿不到下载地址"),
-    ("PackMissingFetchFailed", "download failed: {detail}", "下载失败：{detail}"),
-    ("PackFatalTitle", "Rolled back — nothing was left behind", "已回滚 —— 目标目录零残留"),
-    ("PackFatalHint", "What to try next", "下一步可以试"),
-    ("PackConflictUserModified", "you changed it", "你改过"),
-    ("PackConflictUserDeleted", "you deleted it", "你删过"),
-    ("PackConflictPreExisting", "was already there", "本来就在"),
-    ("PackChoiceKeepUser", "kept yours", "保留我的"),
-    ("PackChoiceOverwrite", "pack version used", "用包里的"),
-    ("PackConflictHashes", "pack {pack} · base {base} · disk {disk}", "包内 {pack} · 基线 {base} · 磁盘 {disk}"),
-    ("PackConflictDetail", "Hashes", "三方哈希"),
-    ("PackFormatModrinth", "Modrinth .mrpack", "Modrinth 的 .mrpack"),
-    ("PackFormatCurseforge", "CurseForge manifest", "CurseForge 清单"),
-    ("PackFormatMultimc", "MultiMC / Prism instance", "MultiMC·Prism 实例"),
-    ("PackExportTitle", "Export this instance", "导出这个实例"),
-    ("PackExportOpen", "Export…", "导出…"),
-    ("PackExportFormat", "Format", "格式"),
-    ("PackExportName", "Pack name", "包名"),
-    ("PackExportVersion", "Version", "版本"),
-    ("PackExportOutput", "Save to", "保存到"),
-    ("PackExportOutputPlaceholder", "empty = suggested path", "留空 = 自动给一个路径"),
-    ("PackExportPrecheck", "Dry run", "预检"),
-    ("PackExportConfirm", "Write the pack", "确认写盘"),
-    ("PackExportAbort", "Back", "返回"),
-    ("PackExportMultimcNote", "MultiMC/Prism can only be imported, not exported (by design).", "MultiMC·Prism 只能导入、不能导出（有意省略）。"),
-    ("PackExportDone", "Wrote {path} · {bytes}", "已写出 {path} · {bytes}"),
-    ("PackExportFailed", "Export failed: {reason}", "导出失败：{reason}"),
-    ("PackExportPending", "Scanning the instance…", "正在扫描实例…"),
-    ("PackPreviewHead", "Will inline {inline} files · cannot export: {skipped}", "将内联 {inline} 个文件 · 无法导出 {skipped} 项"),
-    ("PackPreviewRemote", "{count} files can be referenced remotely", "{count} 个文件可走远程引用"),
-    ("PackPreviewInlineBytes", "{bytes} copied into overrides/", "{bytes} 会原样拷进 overrides/"),
-    ("PackPreviewInlineTitle", "Copied into overrides/ (first {shown}):", "原样拷进 overrides/（只列前 {shown} 个）："),
-    ("PackPreviewSkippedTitle", "Not in the pack: {count}", "没进包：{count} 项"),
-    ("PackPreviewNotes", "Known losses", "已知损失"),
-    ("PackPreviewTarget", "Will be written to {path}", "将写到 {path}"),
-    ("PackPreviewMore", "…and {count} more files (not shown here)", "…还有 {count} 个文件（这里不展开）"),
-    ("PackPreviewComplete", "Nothing is left out", "没有遗漏任何文件"),
-    ("PackPreviewIncomplete", "Some files will not be in the pack", "有文件不会进包"),
-    ("PackReasonModrinthSha1", "Modrinth match (SHA-1)", "Modrinth 命中（SHA-1）"),
-    ("PackReasonCurseFingerprint", "CurseForge match (fingerprint)", "CurseForge 命中（文件指纹）"),
-    ("PackReasonNoRemoteMatch", "unknown to both catalogs, inlined", "两个目录都不认识，已内联"),
-    ("PackReasonCurseOnly", "only CurseForge knows it, this format cannot use it, inlined", "只有 CF 认识，目标格式用不上，已内联"),
-    ("PackReasonModrinthOnly", "only Modrinth knows it, the CF manifest cannot use it, inlined", "只有 Modrinth 认识，CF 清单用不上，已内联"),
-    ("PackReasonMissingSha512", "the catalogue entry has no sha512 hash, inlined", "命中缺 sha512，已内联"),
-    ("PackReasonMissingCurseIds", "the catalogue entry has no CurseForge ids, inlined", "命中缺 projectID/fileID，已内联"),
-    ("PackReasonDisabled", "disabled file, this format cannot express it (.disabled kept)", "禁用文件，目标格式表达不了（保留 .disabled）"),
-    ("PackReasonSymlink", "symbolic link, skipped", "符号链接，已跳过"),
-    ("PackReasonUnsafePath", "path fails the pack path rules, skipped", "路径过不了包内规整，已跳过"),
-    ("PackReasonUnreadable", "cannot read it, skipped", "读不出来，已跳过"),
-    // ── M114 账户页：追加在 main 的全部域之后（金表只追加不重排）
-    ("AccountTitle", "Accounts", "账户"),
-    ("AccountSubtitle", "Microsoft, third-party skin servers and local profiles", "微软正版、第三方皮肤站与本地档案"),
-    ("AccountListTitle", "All accounts", "全部账户"),
-    ("AccountAddedOn", "Added {date}", "添加于 {date}"),
-    ("AccountActiveChip", "Active", "当前"),
-    ("AccountSwitch", "Use for launch", "切换为启动账户"),
-    ("AccountRelogin", "Sign in again", "重新登录"),
-    ("AccountRemove", "Remove", "删除"),
-    ("AccountKindMicrosoft", "Microsoft", "微软正版"),
-    ("AccountKindAuthlib", "Third-party skin server", "第三方皮肤站"),
-    ("AccountKindOffline", "Local profile", "本地档案"),
-    ("AccountServer", "Server {server}", "服务器 {server}"),
-    ("AccountEmptyTitle", "No accounts yet", "还没有账户"),
-    ("AccountEmptyBody", "Add a Microsoft account, a third-party skin server account, or a local profile.", "添加微软正版账户、第三方皮肤站账户，或建一个本地档案。"),
-    ("AccountEmptyAction", "Add an account", "添加账户"),
-    ("AccountTrackMicrosoftTitle", "Microsoft account", "微软正版"),
-    ("AccountTrackMicrosoftBody", "Sign in with a device code or in your browser. Online servers require this kind of account.", "用设备码或浏览器登录。联机服务器必须用这种账户。"),
-    ("AccountTrackAuthlibTitle", "Third-party skin server", "第三方皮肤站"),
-    ("AccountTrackAuthlibBody", "An authlib-injector compatible server (LittleSkin and friends) brings its own skins and capes.", "兼容 authlib-injector 的皮肤站（如 LittleSkin）自带皮肤与披风。"),
-    ("AccountTrackOfflineTitle", "Local profile", "本地档案"),
-    ("AccountTrackOfflineBody", "Local / isolated-network testing only — it cannot join servers that require a genuine Minecraft account.", "仅本地/隔离网络测试用，无法连接启用正版验证的服务器。"),
-    ("AccountTrackOpen", "Sign in", "登录"),
-    ("AccountTrackCreate", "Create profile", "创建档案"),
-    ("AccountDialogClose", "Close", "关闭"),
-    ("AccountOfflineNameLabel", "Profile name", "档案名"),
-    ("AccountOfflineNameHint", "3–16 letters, digits or underscore", "3–16 位字母、数字或下划线"),
-    ("AccountOfflineSubmit", "Create profile", "创建档案"),
-    ("AccountOfflineWarning", "Local / isolated-network testing only — it cannot join servers that require a genuine Minecraft account.", "仅本地/隔离网络测试用，无法连接启用正版验证的服务器。"),
-    ("AccountDeviceCodeLabel", "Enter this code", "输入这个用户码"),
-    ("AccountDeviceCodeCopy", "Copy code", "复制用户码"),
-    ("AccountDeviceLinkCopy", "Copy link", "复制链接"),
-    ("AccountDeviceCountdown", "{time} left", "剩 {time}"),
-    ("AccountDeviceExpired", "This code has expired. Start again for a fresh one.", "这个用户码已过期，重新开始换一个新的。"),
-    ("AccountDeviceRetry", "Try again", "重试"),
-    ("AccountDeviceCancel", "Cancel", "取消"),
-    ("AccountDeviceBrowser", "Sign in with browser", "用浏览器登录"),
-    ("AccountDeviceUseCode", "Use a device code instead", "改用设备码"),
-    ("AccountServerLabel", "Server address", "服务器地址"),
-    ("AccountServerHint", "API root, e.g. https://littleskin.cn/api/yggdrasil/", "API 根，例：https://littleskin.cn/api/yggdrasil/"),
-    ("AccountServerProbe", "Check server", "校验服务器"),
-    ("AccountLoginNameLabel", "Email or username", "邮箱或用户名"),
-    ("AccountPasswordLabel", "Password", "密码"),
-    ("AccountPasswordHint", "Used once for this sign-in. It is never stored.", "只在这次登录里用一次，不会保存。"),
-    ("AccountAuthlibSubmit", "Sign in", "登录"),
-    ("AccountAuthlibIdleHint", "The server is checked automatically when you sign in; Check server only does it up front.", "登录时会自动校验服务器；「校验服务器」只是提前跑一遍。"),
-    ("AccountSkinTitle", "Skin", "皮肤"),
-    ("AccountSkinNone", "No skin available", "没有可用皮肤"),
-    ("AccountSkinHint", "Skins come from the account's own server; nothing is generated locally.", "皮肤来自账户自己的服务器，本地不生成任何假皮肤。"),
-    ("AccountRailSignedOut", "Not signed in", "未登录"),
-    ("AccountDeviceHint", "Open the link in your browser and enter the code above.", "在浏览器里打开链接，输入上面的用户码。"),
-    ("AccountDeviceBrowserHint", "Finish the sign-in in the browser window we just opened; the link below also works.", "在我们刚打开的浏览器窗口里完成登录；下面的链接也能手动打开。"),
-    ("AccountServerChecking", "Checking the server…", "正在校验服务器…"),
-    ("AccountServerOk", "Server {server} is ready", "服务器 {server} 可用"),
-    ("AccountLoginFailed", "Sign-in failed", "登录失败"),
-    ("AccountCurrentTitle", "Current account", "当前账户"),
-    ("AccountFailureCode", "Code: {code}", "代码：{code}"),
-    ("AccountFailureDenied", "The server refused this sign-in (access denied).", "服务器拒绝了这次登录（拒绝访问）。"),
-    ("AccountFailureWhitelist", "Microsoft has not approved this launcher's app registration yet. An administrator has to accept the app, then try again.", "微软还没批准本启动器的应用注册：需要管理员同意该应用后再试。"),
-    ("AccountFailureUnreachable", "Could not reach the server. Check the network connection or the address, then try again.", "连不上服务器：检查网络或地址后重试。"),
-    ("AccountFailureNotAuthlib", "This address does not look like an authlib-injector server (the API root usually ends with /api/yggdrasil/).", "这个地址不像 authlib-injector 服务器（API 根通常以 /api/yggdrasil/ 结尾）。"),
-    ("AccountFailureBadCredentials", "The server rejected the username or password.", "服务器不认这个用户名或密码。"),
-    ("AccountFailureNoProfile", "The account has no Minecraft profile on this server yet. Create the character on the server first.", "这个账号在该服务器上还没有角色：先在皮肤站里创建角色。"),
-    ("AccountFailureStore", "Could not save the account to disk.", "账户没能写到磁盘上。"),
-    ("AccountFailureOther", "The sign-in failed. The full reason is in the launcher log.", "登录失败，完整原因在启动器日志里。"),
-    ("AccountLoginNotConfigured", "Microsoft sign-in is not configured", "微软登录未配置"),
-    ("AccountFailureMsaNotConfigured", "This build has no Azure public client id, so Microsoft sign-in cannot start (the sign-in flow itself is implemented). Set the environment variable ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id> before starting the launcher, or build with ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id>. Then restart the launcher: a running process does not pick up a new environment variable.", "本启动器没有配置 Azure 公共客户端 id，微软登录无法开始（登录功能已实现，只差这一项配置）。启动前设置环境变量 ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id>，或构建时注入：ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id> cargo build。改完请重启启动器——已在运行的进程读不到新设的环境变量。"),
-    ("AccountDeviceRequesting", "Contacting Microsoft…", "正在联系微软…"),
-    ("AccountLoginSucceeded", "Signed in as {name}", "已登录 {name}"),
-    ("AccountNoticeAdded", "Added {name}", "已添加 {name}"),
-    ("AccountNoticeRemoved", "Removed {name}", "已删除 {name}"),
-    ("AccountNoticeSwitched", "{name} will be used for the next launch", "{name} 将作为下次启动的账户"),
-    ("AccountNoticeOfflineNameInvalid", "Profile names must be 3–16 letters, digits or underscores.", "档案名必须是 3–16 位字母、数字或下划线。"),
-    ("AccountNoticeAccountExists", "An account with that name already exists.", "同名账户已经存在。"),
-    ("AccountNoticeStoreFailed", "Could not save the account store. Check the disk and try again.", "账户库写不进去：检查磁盘后重试。"),
-    ("AccountNoticeNotFound", "That account no longer exists.", "这个账户已经不在了。"),
-    ("AccountNoticeOther", "The account action failed. The full reason is in the launcher log.", "账户操作失败，完整原因在启动器日志里。"),
-    ("AccountNoticeDismiss", "Dismiss", "关闭"),
-    ("AccountNoticeTitleFailed", "Account action failed", "账户操作失败"),
-    ("AccountNoticeTitleDone", "Account updated", "账户已更新"),
-    ("AccountHintAuthlibReauth", "Enter the password again for {server}.", "请输入 {server} 的密码。"),
-    ("AccountHintOfflineNoRelogin", "Local profiles have no server account to sign in again — create a new profile instead.", "本地档案没有可重新登录的服务器账户，请新建一个档案。"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchTitle", "LAUNCH OPTIONS", "启动参数"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchJvm", "JVM arguments", "JVM 参数"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchJvmHint", "Space separated, quotes allowed. Empty = follow the global extra JVM arguments (both are sent; on duplicates the instance wins).", "空格分隔、支持引号。留空 = 跟随全局附加 JVM 参数（两者叠加下发，同名选项实例赢）。"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchGame", "Game arguments", "游戏参数"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchGameHint", "Appended last, so they override earlier game arguments. Empty = nothing appended.", "追加在命令行最后，可覆盖前面的游戏参数。留空 = 不追加。"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchMemory", "Max memory (MiB)", "最大内存（MiB）"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchMemoryHint", "Empty = follow the global default ({default} MiB).", "留空 = 跟随全局默认（{default} MiB）。"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchJava", "Java executable", "Java 可执行文件"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchJavaHint", "Empty = follow the global setting, then auto-pick (managed > JAVA_HOME > PATH).", "留空 = 跟随全局设置，再退到自动挑选（托管 > 环境变量 > 系统路径）。"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchBackend", "Graphics backend", "图形后端"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchBackendGated", "Requires MC {min}+ (this instance: {version}). The flag is not sent on this version.", "需游戏版本 {min} 及以上（本实例 {version}），这个版本不会下发该参数。"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchEffective", "Effective: {value}", "生效：{value}"),
+    ("InstancesBackendDefault", "Default", "默认"),
+    ("InstancesBackendOpengl", "OpenGL", "OpenGL 后端"),
+    ("InstancesBackendVulkan", "Vulkan", "Vulkan 后端"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchSave", "Save", "保存"),
+    ("InstancesLaunchReset", "Reset to global", "恢复跟随全局"),
 ];
+
+/// 金表的**全量**行（前半段在本文件、后半段在 [`tail`]，顺序即 `Key::ALL`）。
+///
+/// 拆成两段只为守 400 行硬线（M157 加了 19 行启动参数文案后越线）；对调用方是**一条**序列，
+/// `catalog/tests.rs` 的逐字节断言不用关心分段。
+pub(super) fn rows() -> impl Iterator<Item = &'static (&'static str, &'static str, &'static str)> {
+    GOLDEN.iter().chain(tail::ROWS.iter())
+}
+
+/// 金表总行数（`Key::ALL` 的条数）。
+pub(super) fn len() -> usize {
+    GOLDEN.len() + tail::ROWS.len()
+}
+
+mod tail;

crates/i18n/src/catalog/golden/tail.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,364 @@
+//! 金表的**后半段**（`InstancesLaunchReset` 之后的全部行）。
+//!
+//! 为什么拆：`golden.rs` 在 M157 加了 19 行启动参数文案后到 416 行，越过 400 行硬线；
+//! 拆分口径与仓库其它 `-p1/-p2` 一致——**纯搬移、一行不改**，顺序即 `Key::ALL` 的后半段。
+//! 拼装与断言在 `golden.rs` 的 [`rows`] 与 `catalog/tests.rs`。
+
+pub(super) const ROWS: &[(&str, &str, &str)] = &[
+    ("LoaderVanilla", "Vanilla", "原版"),
+    ("LaunchOutcomeNormal", "Finished normally", "正常结束"),
+    ("LaunchOutcomeCrash", "The game crashed", "游戏崩溃"),
+    ("LaunchOutcomeSilent", "Suspected silent failure: exit code 0, but the game never really started", "疑似静默失败：退出码 0，但游戏没真正跑起来"),
+    ("LaunchFailedWithCode", "Launch failed (exit {code}): {reason}", "启动失败（退出码 {code}）：{reason}"),
+    ("LaunchMsaNotConfigured", "Microsoft sign-in is not configured: it needs an Azure public client id (the login flow itself is implemented). Build with ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id>, or set that environment variable before launching.", "微软登录未配置：缺少 Azure 公共客户端 id（登录功能已实现，只差这一项配置）。构建时注入：ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id> cargo build；或启动前设置同名环境变量 ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id>。"),
+    ("FontCjkNeedsDownload", "No Chinese font found on this system. Download an open-source (OFL) Chinese font?", "系统里没找到中文字体。要下载一套开源（OFL）中文字体吗？"),
+    ("FontCjkDownloading", "Downloading Chinese font… {percent}%", "正在下载中文字体… {percent}%"),
+    ("FontCjkDownloadFailed", "Chinese font download failed; the interface stays in English.", "中文字体下载失败，界面暂时保持英文。"),
+    ("FontCjkReady", "Chinese font ready: {family}", "中文字体已就绪：{family}"),
+    ("SettingsLanguage", "Language", "界面语言"),
+    ("SettingsLanguageHint", "Switches the interface language. Chinese text needs a Chinese font.", "切换界面语言。显示中文需要中文字体。"),
+    ("SettingsAppearanceCorner", "Window corners", "窗口圆角"),
+    ("SettingsAppearanceCornerSystem", "Follow system", "跟随系统"),
+    ("SettingsAppearanceCornerSquare", "Square", "直角"),
+    ("SettingsAppearanceCornerHint", "On Windows 11 and Server 2025 we ask the system for rounded corners; Windows 10 keeps square corners. On macOS and Linux the desktop's own rules apply. We never draw corners ourselves.", "Windows 11 与 Windows Server 2025 上我们请求系统处理外框圆角；Windows 10 保持直角；macOS 与 Linux 交给桌面合成器自己的规则；我们不自己画圆角。"),
+    ("SettingsAppearanceCornerSuspended", "Not in effect right now: window transparency is below 100%. Setting it back to 100% restores the rounded corners.", "当前因整窗透明度不生效：把整窗透明度调回 100% 圆角即恢复。"),
+    ("CoreTextUntranslated", "[system text not translated]", "［未翻译的系统文案］"),
+    ("DownloadTitle", "Version management", "版本管理"),
+    ("DownloadSubtitle", "Manage versions and loaders: install, upgrade, repair", "管理版本与加载器：安装、升级、修复"),
+    ("DownloadRefresh", "Refresh", "刷新"),
+    ("DownloadInstall", "Install", "安装"),
+    ("DownloadCancel", "Cancel install", "取消安装"),
+    ("DownloadInstalled", "Installed", "已安装"),
+    ("DownloadCount", "{count} versions", "{count} 个版本"),
+    ("DownloadRowSupporting", "{kind} · released {date}", "{kind} · 发布于 {date}"),
+    ("DownloadSelectHint", "Pick a version, then install", "选一个版本再安装"),
+    ("DownloadLoading", "Loading versions…", "正在加载版本列表…"),
+    ("DownloadLoadingHint", "If this stays here, press Refresh in the top right.", "如果一直停在这里，点右上角的刷新。"),
+    ("DownloadEmptyTitle", "No versions to show", "没有可显示的版本"),
+    ("DownloadEmptyBody", "Pick another category, or refresh the list.", "换一个分类，或刷新一次列表。"),
+    ("DownloadCategoryAll", "All", "全部"),
+    ("DownloadCategoryRelease", "Release", "正式版"),
+    ("DownloadCategorySnapshot", "Snapshot", "预览版"),
+    ("DownloadCategoryAncient", "Ancient", "远古版"),
+    ("DownloadStagePlanning", "Planning", "解析版本"),
+    ("DownloadStageDownloading", "Downloading files", "下载文件"),
+    ("DownloadStageInstalling", "Building the version", "生成版本"),
+    ("DownloadStageRegistering", "Registering the instance", "登记实例"),
+    ("DownloadStageDone", "Done", "已完成"),
+    ("DownloadStageFailed", "Install failed", "安装失败"),
+    ("DownloadStageCancelled", "Install cancelled", "安装已取消"),
+    ("DownloadProgress", "{done}/{total} files", "{done}/{total} 文件"),
+    ("DownloadProgressUnknown", "Waiting for the first file…", "等第一个文件…"),
+    ("DownloadRate", "{speed} · {eta}", "{speed}，{eta}"),
+    ("DownloadEtaSecs", "{secs}s left", "剩 {secs}s"),
+    ("DownloadEtaMins", "{mins}m{secs}s left", "剩 {mins}m{secs}s"),
+    ("DownloadFailedHint", "The Logs page has the full reason.", "完整原因在日志页。"),
+    ("DownloadOpenLogs", "Open logs", "打开日志"),
+    ("DownloadDismiss", "Dismiss", "关闭"),
+    ("DownloadOptionsTitle", "Install options", "安装选项"),
+    ("DownloadOptionsLoaderVersion", "Loader version", "加载器版本"),
+    ("DownloadOptionsLoaderVersionsLoading", "Fetching loader versions…", "正在获取加载器版本…"),
+    ("DownloadOptionsLoaderVersionsFailed", "Could not fetch loader versions: {reason}", "取不到加载器版本：{reason}"),
+    ("DownloadOptionsLoaderVersionsEmpty", "No loader builds published for {version}", "官方没有为 {version} 发布加载器版本"),
+    ("DownloadOptionsInstanceName", "Instance name", "实例名"),
+    ("DownloadOptionsInstanceNameHint", "Empty = use the version id", "留空就用版本号"),
+    ("DownloadOptionsIncompatible", "{loader} has no builds for {version}", "{loader} 没有适配 {version} 的构建"),
+    ("DownloadOptionsNeedsAtLeast", "{loader} needs Minecraft {min} or newer", "{loader} 需要 Minecraft {min} 或更新"),
+    ("DownloadCancelled", "Install cancelled — finished files are kept, the instance was not created", "安装已取消 —— 已下好的文件保留，实例未登记"),
+    ("LogsSubtitleIdle", "Nothing is running right now", "当前没有运行中的实例"),
+    ("LogsStatus", "{instance} · {when} · {outcome}", "{instance}｜{when}｜{outcome}"),
+    ("LogsOpenFolder", "Open folder", "打开目录"),
+    ("LogsClear", "Clear", "清空"),
+    ("LogsOutputTitle", "OUTPUT", "输出"),
+    ("LogsDiagnosisTitle", "DIAGNOSIS", "诊断"),
+    ("LogsConfidenceHigh", "HIGH CONFIDENCE", "高置信度"),
+    ("LogsConfidenceMedium", "MEDIUM CONFIDENCE", "中置信度"),
+    ("LogsConfidenceLow", "LOW CONFIDENCE", "低置信度"),
+    ("LogsSubtitleLive", "Running now — logs stream as they arrive", "正在运行 — 日志实时滚动"),
+    ("LogsConfidence", "Confidence {percent}%", "置信度 {percent}%"),
+    ("LogsSuggestedFix", "Suggested fix", "建议动作"),
+    ("LogsSummaryLabel", "One-line summary", "一行摘要"),
+    ("LogsCopySummary", "Copy summary", "复制摘要"),
+    ("LogsEmptyTitle", "No output yet", "还没有输出"),
+    ("LogsEmptyBody", "Logs stream here while the launcher or the game is running. Pick an instance and start it to see the first lines.", "启动器或游戏运行时，日志会实时出现在这里。选择一个实例并启动，就能看到第一批日志。"),
+    ("LogsEmptyAction", "Choose an instance", "选择实例"),
+    ("AgentTitle", "Assistant", "助手"),
+    ("AgentSubtitle", "Simulated assistant · no real model is connected", "模拟助手 · 还没接真实模型"),
+    ("AgentCollapse", "Collapse", "收起"),
+    ("AgentDetach", "Pop out", "拆出"),
+    ("AgentDock", "Dock back", "收回"),
+    ("AgentOpen", "Open assistant", "打开助手"),
+    ("AgentStripLabel", "AI", "助手"),
+    ("AgentSend", "Send", "发送"),
+    ("AgentStop", "Stop", "中断"),
+    ("AgentPlaceholder", "Message the simulated assistant…", "给模拟助手发消息…"),
+    ("AgentEmptyTitle", "Nothing in this session yet", "这个会话还没有内容"),
+    ("AgentEmptyBody", "Ask about instances, downloads or logs. This assistant is simulated: no real model is connected.", "可以问实例、下载或日志。当前是模拟助手，没有接真实模型。"),
+    ("AgentNotePending", "Placeholder shell: your message is kept here, nothing was sent to a model.", "占位外壳：消息留在这里，没有发给任何模型。"),
+    ("AgentNoteStopped", "Stopped by you.", "你中断了这次回复。"),
+    ("AgentUnread", "{count} unread", "{count} 条未读"),
+    ("AgentResize", "Drag to resize the assistant rail", "拖动调整助手栏宽度"),
+    ("AgentWidthLabel", "Width {width}", "宽度 {width}"),
+    ("AgentRoleYou", "You", "你"),
+    ("AgentRoleAssistant", "Assistant", "助手"),
+    ("AgentRoleNotice", "Notice", "提示"),
+    ("AgentErrorTitle", "Assistant error", "助手出错"),
+    ("AgentErrorUnavailable", "Couldn't reach the assistant backend. Check the endpoint, then try again.", "连不上助手后端：检查端点后重试。"),
+    ("AgentErrorNotImplemented", "This assistant request isn't wired up yet.", "这个助手请求还没接线。"),
+    ("AgentConfirmRequest", "The assistant wants to change something: {summary}", "助手想改一项设置：{summary}"),
+    ("AgentConfirmAllow", "Allow", "允许"),
+    ("AgentConfirmDeny", "Deny", "拒绝"),
+    ("AgentSimulated", "Simulated", "模拟"),
+    ("AgentSubtitleReal", "Conversation", "会话"),
+    ("AgentPlaceholderReal", "Message the assistant…", "给助手发消息…"),
+    ("AgentEmptyBodyReal", "Ask about instances, downloads or logs.", "可以问实例、下载或日志。"),
+    // ── M106 `I18NFOLLOW`：General 分组真控件（语言选择器 + 其余三行）。**只追加在链尾**，
+    //    上一行到 `LogsEmptyAction` 的既有顺序一字未动（金表要证明的正是这件事）。
+    ("SettingsLanguageFollowSystem", "Follow system", "跟随系统"),
+    ("SettingsLanguageZhCn", "Chinese (Simplified)", "简体中文"),
+    ("SettingsLanguageEn", "English", "英文"),
+    ("SettingsLanguageEffective", "Interface right now: {language}", "界面当前使用：{language}"),
+    ("SettingsTheme", "Theme", "主题"),
+    ("SettingsThemeFollowSystem", "Follow system", "跟随系统"),
+    ("SettingsStartupPage", "Startup page", "启动页"),
+    ("SettingsStartupInstances", "Instances", "实例"),
+    ("SettingsCloseButton", "Close button", "关闭按钮"),
+    ("SettingsCloseToTray", "Exit to tray", "退出到托盘"),
+    ("SettingsSubtitle", "Launcher behaviour, Java runtimes and download sources", "启动器行为、Java 运行时与下载源"),
+    ("SettingsResetSection", "Reset section", "重置本组"),
+    ("SettingsSave", "Save", "保存"),
+    ("NavAi", "Assistant", "助手"),
+    ("SettingsGroupGeneral", "General", "通用"),
+    ("SettingsGroupAppearance", "Appearance", "外观"),
+    ("SettingsGroupJava", "Java", "Java 运行时"),
+    ("SettingsGroupDownloads", "Downloads", "下载"),
+    ("SettingsOverridesEmptyTitle", "No per-instance overrides", "没有逐实例覆盖"),
+    ("SettingsOverridesEmptyBody", "Overrides let one instance keep its own Java runtime, memory or JVM flags while the rest of the launcher keeps the defaults above.", "逐实例覆盖让某个实例保留自己的 Java 运行时、内存或 JVM 参数，其余实例沿用上面的默认值。"),
+    ("SettingsOverridesAdd", "Add override", "新增覆盖"),
+    ("AgentFallbackBody", "The assistant page is not built yet. Chat lives in the docked panel once the AI mission lands; this screen is the M68 skeleton fallback.", "助手页还没做。AI 接线落地后对话会出现在右侧停靠面板；这一屏是 M68 的骨架回退。"),
+    // --- M107 版本管理页（追加在链尾：`Key::ALL` 顺序 = 金表顺序） ---
+    ("VersionRailTitle", "Version type", "版本类型"),
+    ("VersionMajorTitle", "Major version", "主版本"),
+    ("VersionMajorAll", "All versions", "全部版本"),
+    ("VersionSearchPlaceholder", "Search version numbers", "搜版本号"),
+    ("VersionSearchClear", "Clear search", "清空搜索"),
+    ("VersionSearchHits", "{count} matches", "{count} 个匹配"),
+    ("VersionSearchEmptyTitle", "No matching versions", "没有匹配的版本"),
+    ("VersionSearchEmptyBody", "Try a shorter piece of the number — 1.21, 24w, a1.", "试试更短的片段 — 1.21、24w、a1。"),
+    ("VersionSearchElsewhere", "{count} versions match, but they are in another type.", "有 {count} 个版本匹配，但它们在别的类型里。"),
+    ("VersionSearchElsewhereAction", "Show all types", "看全部类型"),
+    // --- M107 r2（追加在末尾：`Key::ALL` 顺序 = 金表顺序） ---
+    ("VersionSearchHitsOne", "1 match", "1 个匹配"),
+    ("VersionSearchElsewhereTitle", "Found in another type", "在别的类型里找到了"),
+    ("VersionSearchElsewhereOne", "1 version matches, but it is in another type.", "有 1 个版本匹配，但它在别的类型里。"),
+    // --- M109 内容库页（同样追加在链尾：`Key::ALL` 顺序 = 金表顺序） ---
+    ("ContentTitle", "Content", "内容库"),
+    ("ContentSubtitle", "Modpacks, mods, resource packs and shaders", "整合包、Mod、资源包与光影"),
+    ("ContentSectionVersions", "Version management", "版本管理"),
+    ("ContentSectionContent", "Content library", "内容库"),
+    ("ContentKindModpack", "Modpacks", "整合包"),
+    ("ContentKindMod", "Mods", "Mod"),
+    ("ContentKindResourcepack", "Resource packs", "资源包"),
+    ("ContentKindShader", "Shaders", "光影"),
+    ("ContentSourceModrinth", "Modrinth", "Modrinth 源"),
+    ("ContentSourceCurseforge", "CurseForge", "CurseForge 源"),
+    ("ContentSortRelevance", "Relevance", "相关度"),
+    ("ContentSortDownloads", "Downloads", "下载量"),
+    ("ContentSortNewest", "Newest", "最新发布"),
+    ("ContentSortUpdated", "Recently updated", "最近更新"),
+    ("ContentSearchPlaceholder", "Search content…", "搜索内容…"),
+    ("ContentSearch", "Search", "搜索"),
+    ("ContentFilterVersion", "Game version", "游戏版本"),
+    ("ContentFilterLoader", "Loader", "加载器"),
+    ("ContentFilterAny", "Any", "不限"),
+    ("ContentCount", "{count} results", "{count} 个结果"),
+    ("ContentLoading", "Loading content…", "正在加载内容…"),
+    ("ContentLoadingHint", "Results come from the network; nothing is cached offline yet.", "结果来自网络，暂时没有离线缓存。"),
+    ("ContentEmptyTitle", "Nothing matched", "没有匹配的内容"),
+    ("ContentEmptyBody", "Try another keyword, or clear a filter.", "换个关键词，或清掉一个筛选条件。"),
+    ("ContentFailedTitle", "Could not load content", "内容加载失败"),
+    ("ContentFailedBody", "Check the network, then retry.", "检查网络后重试。"),
+    ("ContentRetry", "Retry", "重试"),
+    ("ContentLoadMore", "Load more", "加载更多"),
+    ("ContentNoMore", "No more results", "没有更多了"),
+    ("ContentDetailEmpty", "Pick an item to see what it supports.", "选一个项目看它支持什么。"),
+    ("ContentDetailDownloads", "{count} downloads", "下载量 {count}"),
+    ("ContentDetailUpdated", "Updated {date}", "更新于 {date}"),
+    ("ContentDetailLoaders", "Loaders: {list}", "加载器：{list}"),
+    ("ContentDetailVersions", "Game versions: {list}", "游戏版本：{list}"),
+    ("ContentInstall", "Install into instance", "装入实例"),
+    ("ContentTargetInstance", "Target instance", "目标实例"),
+    ("ContentNoInstances", "No instance to install into", "没有可装入的实例"),
+    ("ContentIncompatibleVersion", "Needs {version}; this instance runs {actual}", "需要 {version}，该实例运行的是 {actual}"),
+    ("ContentIncompatibleLoader", "Not built for {loader}", "不支持 {loader}"),
+    ("ContentModpackNotReady", "Installing modpacks from the library into an instance is not available yet", "从内容库一键安装整合包到实例还没做（本地的包可以直接导入）"),
+    ("ContentSourceUnavailable", "CurseForge needs an API key: add one in Settings", "CurseForge 需要在设置里配置密钥才能搜索"),
+    ("ContentSourceNotWired", "Installing from CurseForge is not available yet", "CurseForge 来源的安装尚未开放"),
+    ("PackTitle", "Modpack import & export", "整合包导入 / 导出"),
+    ("PackImportTitle", "Import a modpack", "导入整合包"),
+    ("PackDropHint", "Drop a .mrpack, .zip or a MultiMC/Prism instance folder here", "把 .mrpack / .zip 或 MultiMC·Prism 实例目录拖到这里"),
+    ("PackDropActive", "Release to probe the pack", "松手开始探测"),
+    ("PackNoDialog", "This build has no system file picker: drag the file in, or paste its path below.", "本版没有系统文件选择框：请把文件拖进来，或在下面粘贴路径。"),
+    ("PackPathLabel", "Pack path", "整合包路径"),
+    ("PackPathPlaceholder", "D:\\packs\\Better MC.mrpack", "D:\\整合包\\更好的MC.mrpack"),
+    ("PackImportAction", "Import", "导入"),
+    ("PackCancel", "Cancel import", "取消导入"),
+    ("PackDismiss", "Dismiss", "关闭"),
+    ("PackTargetLabel", "Install into", "装到实例"),
+    ("PackTargetNew", "New instance", "新建实例"),
+    ("PackInstanceName", "Instance name", "实例名"),
+    ("PackStageLine", "Step {index}/{total} · {stage}", "步骤 {index}/{total} · {stage}"),
+    ("PackStageProbe", "Reading the manifest", "读取清单"),
+    ("PackStageExtract", "Unpacking overrides", "解包覆盖内容"),
+    ("PackStageFetch", "Fetching missing files", "补下载文件"),
+    ("PackStageCommit", "Writing files", "落地写盘"),
+    ("PackStageRegister", "Registering the instance", "登记实例"),
+    ("PackProbeTitle", "This pack is almost a known format", "这个包差一点就是已知格式"),
+    ("PackProbeLooksLike", "Looks like {format}, but missing: {missing}", "看起来像 {format}，但缺：{missing}"),
+    ("PackProbeUnknown", "No known format claims this pack", "没有任何已知格式认领这个包"),
+    ("PackProbeSaw", "Found in the pack: {saw}", "包里看到：{saw}"),
+    ("PackProbeNothing", "nothing recognisable", "没有可识别的东西"),
+    ("PackStatusSuccess", "Imported", "已导入"),
+    ("PackStatusPartial", "Imported with gaps", "导入完成，但有缺口"),
+    ("PackStatusFailed", "Import failed — rolled back", "导入失败 —— 已整包回滚"),
+    ("PackReportWritten", "Files written: {count} · {bytes}", "{count} 个文件已写盘 · {bytes}"),
+    ("PackReportMissing", "Could not fetch (tolerated): {count}", "有 {count} 个文件没搞到（可容忍）"),
+    ("PackReportConflicts", "Conflicts: {count}", "冲突：{count} 个"),
+    ("PackReportRejected", "The client does not support these: {count}", "这些组件客户端不支持：{count} 个"),
+    ("PackReportRejectedNote", "not supported by the client", "客户端不支持"),
+    ("PackCancelled", "Import keeps running in the background — this result is discarded. Files already written stay.", "导入会在后台继续跑完 —— 本次结果作废；已经写下的文件会留下。"),
+    ("PackOverwriteAction", "Re-import, the pack wins", "以包为准重新导入"),
+    ("PackOverwriteNote", "Keeping both (renamed) is not supported yet: the import pipeline has one global conflict policy and no per-file decision channel.", "「两者都留（改名）」暂不支持：导入管线只有一套全局冲突策略，没有逐文件决策通道。"),
+    ("PackMissingOffline", "offline import", "离线导入"),
+    ("PackMissingNoSource", "no download source available yet", "暂时拿不到下载地址"),
+    ("PackMissingFetchFailed", "download failed: {detail}", "下载失败：{detail}"),
+    ("PackFatalTitle", "Rolled back — nothing was left behind", "已回滚 —— 目标目录零残留"),
+    ("PackFatalHint", "What to try next", "下一步可以试"),
+    ("PackConflictUserModified", "you changed it", "你改过"),
+    ("PackConflictUserDeleted", "you deleted it", "你删过"),
+    ("PackConflictPreExisting", "was already there", "本来就在"),
+    ("PackChoiceKeepUser", "kept yours", "保留我的"),
+    ("PackChoiceOverwrite", "pack version used", "用包里的"),
+    ("PackConflictHashes", "pack {pack} · base {base} · disk {disk}", "包内 {pack} · 基线 {base} · 磁盘 {disk}"),
+    ("PackConflictDetail", "Hashes", "三方哈希"),
+    ("PackFormatModrinth", "Modrinth .mrpack", "Modrinth 的 .mrpack"),
+    ("PackFormatCurseforge", "CurseForge manifest", "CurseForge 清单"),
+    ("PackFormatMultimc", "MultiMC / Prism instance", "MultiMC·Prism 实例"),
+    ("PackExportTitle", "Export this instance", "导出这个实例"),
+    ("PackExportOpen", "Export…", "导出…"),
+    ("PackExportFormat", "Format", "格式"),
+    ("PackExportName", "Pack name", "包名"),
+    ("PackExportVersion", "Version", "版本"),
+    ("PackExportOutput", "Save to", "保存到"),
+    ("PackExportOutputPlaceholder", "empty = suggested path", "留空 = 自动给一个路径"),
+    ("PackExportPrecheck", "Dry run", "预检"),
+    ("PackExportConfirm", "Write the pack", "确认写盘"),
+    ("PackExportAbort", "Back", "返回"),
+    ("PackExportMultimcNote", "MultiMC/Prism can only be imported, not exported (by design).", "MultiMC·Prism 只能导入、不能导出（有意省略）。"),
+    ("PackExportDone", "Wrote {path} · {bytes}", "已写出 {path} · {bytes}"),
+    ("PackExportFailed", "Export failed: {reason}", "导出失败：{reason}"),
+    ("PackExportPending", "Scanning the instance…", "正在扫描实例…"),
+    ("PackPreviewHead", "Will inline {inline} files · cannot export: {skipped}", "将内联 {inline} 个文件 · 无法导出 {skipped} 项"),
+    ("PackPreviewRemote", "{count} files can be referenced remotely", "{count} 个文件可走远程引用"),
+    ("PackPreviewInlineBytes", "{bytes} copied into overrides/", "{bytes} 会原样拷进 overrides/"),
+    ("PackPreviewInlineTitle", "Copied into overrides/ (first {shown}):", "原样拷进 overrides/（只列前 {shown} 个）："),
+    ("PackPreviewSkippedTitle", "Not in the pack: {count}", "没进包：{count} 项"),
+    ("PackPreviewNotes", "Known losses", "已知损失"),
+    ("PackPreviewTarget", "Will be written to {path}", "将写到 {path}"),
+    ("PackPreviewMore", "…and {count} more files (not shown here)", "…还有 {count} 个文件（这里不展开）"),
+    ("PackPreviewComplete", "Nothing is left out", "没有遗漏任何文件"),
+    ("PackPreviewIncomplete", "Some files will not be in the pack", "有文件不会进包"),
+    ("PackReasonModrinthSha1", "Modrinth match (SHA-1)", "Modrinth 命中（SHA-1）"),
+    ("PackReasonCurseFingerprint", "CurseForge match (fingerprint)", "CurseForge 命中（文件指纹）"),
+    ("PackReasonNoRemoteMatch", "unknown to both catalogs, inlined", "两个目录都不认识，已内联"),
+    ("PackReasonCurseOnly", "only CurseForge knows it, this format cannot use it, inlined", "只有 CF 认识，目标格式用不上，已内联"),
+    ("PackReasonModrinthOnly", "only Modrinth knows it, the CF manifest cannot use it, inlined", "只有 Modrinth 认识，CF 清单用不上，已内联"),
+    ("PackReasonMissingSha512", "the catalogue entry has no sha512 hash, inlined", "命中缺 sha512，已内联"),
+    ("PackReasonMissingCurseIds", "the catalogue entry has no CurseForge ids, inlined", "命中缺 projectID/fileID，已内联"),
+    ("PackReasonDisabled", "disabled file, this format cannot express it (.disabled kept)", "禁用文件，目标格式表达不了（保留 .disabled）"),
+    ("PackReasonSymlink", "symbolic link, skipped", "符号链接，已跳过"),
+    ("PackReasonUnsafePath", "path fails the pack path rules, skipped", "路径过不了包内规整，已跳过"),
+    ("PackReasonUnreadable", "cannot read it, skipped", "读不出来，已跳过"),
+    // ── M114 账户页：追加在 main 的全部域之后（金表只追加不重排）
+    ("AccountTitle", "Accounts", "账户"),
+    ("AccountSubtitle", "Microsoft, third-party skin servers and local profiles", "微软正版、第三方皮肤站与本地档案"),
+    ("AccountListTitle", "All accounts", "全部账户"),
+    ("AccountAddedOn", "Added {date}", "添加于 {date}"),
+    ("AccountActiveChip", "Active", "当前"),
+    ("AccountSwitch", "Use for launch", "切换为启动账户"),
+    ("AccountRelogin", "Sign in again", "重新登录"),
+    ("AccountRemove", "Remove", "删除"),
+    ("AccountKindMicrosoft", "Microsoft", "微软正版"),
+    ("AccountKindAuthlib", "Third-party skin server", "第三方皮肤站"),
+    ("AccountKindOffline", "Local profile", "本地档案"),
+    ("AccountServer", "Server {server}", "服务器 {server}"),
+    ("AccountEmptyTitle", "No accounts yet", "还没有账户"),
+    ("AccountEmptyBody", "Add a Microsoft account, a third-party skin server account, or a local profile.", "添加微软正版账户、第三方皮肤站账户，或建一个本地档案。"),
+    ("AccountEmptyAction", "Add an account", "添加账户"),
+    ("AccountTrackMicrosoftTitle", "Microsoft account", "微软正版"),
+    ("AccountTrackMicrosoftBody", "Sign in with a device code or in your browser. Online servers require this kind of account.", "用设备码或浏览器登录。联机服务器必须用这种账户。"),
+    ("AccountTrackAuthlibTitle", "Third-party skin server", "第三方皮肤站"),
+    ("AccountTrackAuthlibBody", "An authlib-injector compatible server (LittleSkin and friends) brings its own skins and capes.", "兼容 authlib-injector 的皮肤站（如 LittleSkin）自带皮肤与披风。"),
+    ("AccountTrackOfflineTitle", "Local profile", "本地档案"),
+    ("AccountTrackOfflineBody", "Local / isolated-network testing only — it cannot join servers that require a genuine Minecraft account.", "仅本地/隔离网络测试用，无法连接启用正版验证的服务器。"),
+    ("AccountTrackOpen", "Sign in", "登录"),
+    ("AccountTrackCreate", "Create profile", "创建档案"),
+    ("AccountDialogClose", "Close", "关闭"),
+    ("AccountOfflineNameLabel", "Profile name", "档案名"),
+    ("AccountOfflineNameHint", "3–16 letters, digits or underscore", "3–16 位字母、数字或下划线"),
+    ("AccountOfflineSubmit", "Create profile", "创建档案"),
+    ("AccountOfflineWarning", "Local / isolated-network testing only — it cannot join servers that require a genuine Minecraft account.", "仅本地/隔离网络测试用，无法连接启用正版验证的服务器。"),
+    ("AccountDeviceCodeLabel", "Enter this code", "输入这个用户码"),
+    ("AccountDeviceCodeCopy", "Copy code", "复制用户码"),
+    ("AccountDeviceLinkCopy", "Copy link", "复制链接"),
+    ("AccountDeviceCountdown", "{time} left", "剩 {time}"),
+    ("AccountDeviceExpired", "This code has expired. Start again for a fresh one.", "这个用户码已过期，重新开始换一个新的。"),
+    ("AccountDeviceRetry", "Try again", "重试"),
+    ("AccountDeviceCancel", "Cancel", "取消"),
+    ("AccountDeviceBrowser", "Sign in with browser", "用浏览器登录"),
+    ("AccountDeviceUseCode", "Use a device code instead", "改用设备码"),
+    ("AccountServerLabel", "Server address", "服务器地址"),
+    ("AccountServerHint", "API root, e.g. https://littleskin.cn/api/yggdrasil/", "API 根，例：https://littleskin.cn/api/yggdrasil/"),
+    ("AccountServerProbe", "Check server", "校验服务器"),
+    ("AccountLoginNameLabel", "Email or username", "邮箱或用户名"),
+    ("AccountPasswordLabel", "Password", "密码"),
+    ("AccountPasswordHint", "Used once for this sign-in. It is never stored.", "只在这次登录里用一次，不会保存。"),
+    ("AccountAuthlibSubmit", "Sign in", "登录"),
+    ("AccountAuthlibIdleHint", "The server is checked automatically when you sign in; Check server only does it up front.", "登录时会自动校验服务器；「校验服务器」只是提前跑一遍。"),
+    ("AccountSkinTitle", "Skin", "皮肤"),
+    ("AccountSkinNone", "No skin available", "没有可用皮肤"),
+    ("AccountSkinHint", "Skins come from the account's own server; nothing is generated locally.", "皮肤来自账户自己的服务器，本地不生成任何假皮肤。"),
+    ("AccountRailSignedOut", "Not signed in", "未登录"),
+    ("AccountDeviceHint", "Open the link in your browser and enter the code above.", "在浏览器里打开链接，输入上面的用户码。"),
+    ("AccountDeviceBrowserHint", "Finish the sign-in in the browser window we just opened; the link below also works.", "在我们刚打开的浏览器窗口里完成登录；下面的链接也能手动打开。"),
+    ("AccountServerChecking", "Checking the server…", "正在校验服务器…"),
+    ("AccountServerOk", "Server {server} is ready", "服务器 {server} 可用"),
+    ("AccountLoginFailed", "Sign-in failed", "登录失败"),
+    ("AccountCurrentTitle", "Current account", "当前账户"),
+    ("AccountFailureCode", "Code: {code}", "代码：{code}"),
+    ("AccountFailureDenied", "The server refused this sign-in (access denied).", "服务器拒绝了这次登录（拒绝访问）。"),
+    ("AccountFailureWhitelist", "Microsoft has not approved this launcher's app registration yet. An administrator has to accept the app, then try again.", "微软还没批准本启动器的应用注册：需要管理员同意该应用后再试。"),
+    ("AccountFailureUnreachable", "Could not reach the server. Check the network connection or the address, then try again.", "连不上服务器：检查网络或地址后重试。"),
+    ("AccountFailureNotAuthlib", "This address does not look like an authlib-injector server (the API root usually ends with /api/yggdrasil/).", "这个地址不像 authlib-injector 服务器（API 根通常以 /api/yggdrasil/ 结尾）。"),
+    ("AccountFailureBadCredentials", "The server rejected the username or password.", "服务器不认这个用户名或密码。"),
+    ("AccountFailureNoProfile", "The account has no Minecraft profile on this server yet. Create the character on the server first.", "这个账号在该服务器上还没有角色：先在皮肤站里创建角色。"),
+    ("AccountFailureStore", "Could not save the account to disk.", "账户没能写到磁盘上。"),
+    ("AccountFailureOther", "The sign-in failed. The full reason is in the launcher log.", "登录失败，完整原因在启动器日志里。"),
+    ("AccountLoginNotConfigured", "Microsoft sign-in is not configured", "微软登录未配置"),
+    ("AccountFailureMsaNotConfigured", "This build has no Azure public client id, so Microsoft sign-in cannot start (the sign-in flow itself is implemented). Set the environment variable ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id> before starting the launcher, or build with ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id>. Then restart the launcher: a running process does not pick up a new environment variable.", "本启动器没有配置 Azure 公共客户端 id，微软登录无法开始（登录功能已实现，只差这一项配置）。启动前设置环境变量 ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id>，或构建时注入：ULL_MSA_CLIENT_ID=<id> cargo build。改完请重启启动器——已在运行的进程读不到新设的环境变量。"),
+    ("AccountDeviceRequesting", "Contacting Microsoft…", "正在联系微软…"),
+    ("AccountLoginSucceeded", "Signed in as {name}", "已登录 {name}"),
+    ("AccountNoticeAdded", "Added {name}", "已添加 {name}"),
+    ("AccountNoticeRemoved", "Removed {name}", "已删除 {name}"),
+    ("AccountNoticeSwitched", "{name} will be used for the next launch", "{name} 将作为下次启动的账户"),
+    ("AccountNoticeOfflineNameInvalid", "Profile names must be 3–16 letters, digits or underscores.", "档案名必须是 3–16 位字母、数字或下划线。"),
+    ("AccountNoticeAccountExists", "An account with that name already exists.", "同名账户已经存在。"),
+    ("AccountNoticeStoreFailed", "Could not save the account store. Check the disk and try again.", "账户库写不进去：检查磁盘后重试。"),
+    ("AccountNoticeNotFound", "That account no longer exists.", "这个账户已经不在了。"),
+    ("AccountNoticeOther", "The account action failed. The full reason is in the launcher log.", "账户操作失败，完整原因在启动器日志里。"),
+    ("AccountNoticeDismiss", "Dismiss", "关闭"),
+    ("AccountNoticeTitleFailed", "Account action failed", "账户操作失败"),
+    ("AccountNoticeTitleDone", "Account updated", "账户已更新"),
+    ("AccountHintAuthlibReauth", "Enter the password again for {server}.", "请输入 {server} 的密码。"),
+    ("AccountHintOfflineNoRelogin", "Local profiles have no server account to sign in again — create a new profile instead.", "本地档案没有可重新登录的服务器账户，请新建一个档案。"),
+];

crates/i18n/src/catalog/instances.rs

@@ -78,6 +78,24 @@ macro_rules! instances_entries {
             InstancesStageVerify => ("Verifying", "校验中"),
             InstancesStageLaunch => ("Starting", "启动中"),
             InstancesStageWindow => ("Waiting for window", "等待游戏窗口"),
+            // ── 启动参数区（M157）：实例配置页的五项 + 三态后端 + 门槛提示
+            InstancesLaunchTitle => ("LAUNCH OPTIONS", "启动参数"),
+            InstancesLaunchJvm => ("JVM arguments", "JVM 参数"),
+            InstancesLaunchJvmHint => ("Space separated, quotes allowed. Empty = follow the global extra JVM arguments (both are sent; on duplicates the instance wins).", "空格分隔、支持引号。留空 = 跟随全局附加 JVM 参数（两者叠加下发，同名选项实例赢）。"),
+            InstancesLaunchGame => ("Game arguments", "游戏参数"),
+            InstancesLaunchGameHint => ("Appended last, so they override earlier game arguments. Empty = nothing appended.", "追加在命令行最后，可覆盖前面的游戏参数。留空 = 不追加。"),
+            InstancesLaunchMemory => ("Max memory (MiB)", "最大内存（MiB）"),
+            InstancesLaunchMemoryHint => ("Empty = follow the global default ({default} MiB).", "留空 = 跟随全局默认（{default} MiB）。"),
+            InstancesLaunchJava => ("Java executable", "Java 可执行文件"),
+            InstancesLaunchJavaHint => ("Empty = follow the global setting, then auto-pick (managed > JAVA_HOME > PATH).", "留空 = 跟随全局设置，再退到自动挑选（托管 > 环境变量 > 系统路径）。"),
+            InstancesLaunchBackend => ("Graphics backend", "图形后端"),
+            InstancesLaunchBackendGated => ("Requires MC {min}+ (this instance: {version}). The flag is not sent on this version.", "需游戏版本 {min} 及以上（本实例 {version}），这个版本不会下发该参数。"),
+            InstancesLaunchEffective => ("Effective: {value}", "生效：{value}"),
+            InstancesBackendDefault => ("Default", "默认"),
+            InstancesBackendOpengl => ("OpenGL", "OpenGL 后端"),
+            InstancesBackendVulkan => ("Vulkan", "Vulkan 后端"),
+            InstancesLaunchSave => ("Save", "保存"),
+            InstancesLaunchReset => ("Reset to global", "恢复跟随全局"),
         } }
     };
 }

crates/i18n/src/catalog/tests.rs

@@ -187,11 +187,11 @@ fn split_keeps_every_translation() {
 
     assert_eq!(
         actual.len(),
-        super::golden::GOLDEN.len(),
+        super::golden::len(),
         "key 条数与拆分前不一致（某条被搬丢，或多出来一条）"
     );
 
-    for (index, expected) in super::golden::GOLDEN.iter().enumerate() {
+    for (index, expected) in super::golden::rows().enumerate() {
         let got = actual[index];
         assert_eq!(
             got.0, expected.0,

crates/presenter/src/dto/events.rs

@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ use crate::dto::{
     InstanceRuntime,
     InstanceSummary,
     JavaPageView,
+    LaunchArgsPatch,
     LoaderKind,
     LogLine,
     LogOutcome,
@@ -177,6 +178,15 @@ pub enum AppCommand {
         /// `isolated` / `shared`
         mode: String,
     },
+    /// 写实例启动参数（M157 的「启动参数」区：JVM/游戏参数、内存、Java、图形后端）
+    ///
+    /// 补丁语义：`None` = 这一项不改；`Some("")` = 清空回「跟随全局」。
+    SetInstanceLaunchArgs {
+        /// 实例 id
+        id: InstanceId,
+        /// 五项补丁
+        patch: LaunchArgsPatch,
+    },
     /// 刷新日志会话列表
     RefreshLogSessions,
     /// 打开某个会话（拉取日志行 + 触发诊断）
@@ -237,6 +247,14 @@ impl AppCommand {
             mode: mode.to_string(),
         }
     }
+
+    /// 构造「写实例启动参数」指令（详情页「启动参数」区）。
+    pub fn set_launch_args(id: &str, patch: LaunchArgsPatch) -> Self {
+        Self::SetInstanceLaunchArgs {
+            id: id.to_string(),
+            patch,
+        }
+    }
 }
 
 /// 后端通道：core/agent host 实现它；[`crate::mock::MockBackend`] 验证通道语义。

crates/presenter/src/dto/instances.rs

@@ -6,6 +6,8 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use unlucky_core::game::LoaderKind as CoreLoaderKind;
 
+use super::LaunchArgsView;
+
 /// 实例标识：core::game 生成的稳定 id，app 视为不透明字符串。
 pub type InstanceId = String;
 
@@ -235,6 +237,8 @@ pub struct InstanceSummary {
     pub version_id: String,
     /// 版本本体是否在盘上（缺载荷时磁贴亮黄条）
     pub version_present: bool,
+    /// 启动参数（M157：实例配置页「启动参数」区的数据；含三级回落后的生效值与版本门槛）
+    pub launch: LaunchArgsView,
 }
 
 /// 新建实例向导提交给 host 的请求（已通过向导校验）。
@@ -375,6 +379,7 @@ mod tests {
             isolation: "isolated".to_string(),
             version_id: "1.20.4".to_string(),
             version_present: true,
+            launch: LaunchArgsView::default(),
         };
         let text = serde_json::to_string(&instance).expect("序列化");
         let back: InstanceSummary = serde_json::from_str(&text).expect("反序列化");

crates/presenter/src/dto/launch_args.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,136 @@
+//! 实例启动参数 DTO（M157）：实例配置页「启动参数」区的唯一数据源 + 写回补丁。
+//!
+//! 口径三条：
+//! 1. **实例层与生效值分开给**：`jvm_args` 等是实例文件里的原文（空 = 跟随全局），
+//!    `*_effective` 是三级回落（实例 → 全局 → 默认）之后真正会下发的值。UI 要把两件事同时
+//!    画出来（「留空 = 跟随全局 {global}」这种提示与「生效值」是两回事）；
+//! 2. **图形后端的可选值与门槛由 host 算好**：`graphics_backend_options` 来自 core 的词表
+//!    （[`LaunchArgsView::graphics_backend_options`]），`graphics_backend_allowed` 来自 core 的
+//!    版本门槛判定——UI 不复制任何一条判据（任务书：判定用 core capability）；
+//! 3. **本模块不含 core 类型**（D42：dto 只放扁平 IPC 类型）。
+//!
+//! 补丁的「不改 / 清空」二分：`None` = 这一项不动；`Some("")` = 清空（回到跟随）。
+
+use serde::{Deserialize, Serialize};
+
+/// 实例启动参数的**读取**视图（详情页「启动参数」区）。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct LaunchArgsView {
+    /// 实例 id。
+    pub instance_id: String,
+    /// 实例层 JVM 参数原文（空 = 只用全局 `java.extra_args`）。
+    pub jvm_args: String,
+    /// 实例层游戏参数原文（空 = 不追加）。
+    pub game_args: String,
+    /// 实例层最大堆（`None` = 跟随全局）。
+    pub memory_mb: Option<u32>,
+    /// 生效最大堆（三级回落 + 出厂默认，恒有值）。
+    pub memory_effective_mb: u32,
+    /// 实例层 Java 可执行文件原文（空 = 跟随全局 / 自动挑）。
+    pub java_path: String,
+    /// 生效 Java 可执行文件（空 = 自动挑；展示用，不代表已探测）。
+    pub java_effective: String,
+    /// 实例层图形后端（`default` / `opengl` / `vulkan`）。
+    pub graphics_backend: String,
+    /// 生效图形后端（三级回落之后）。
+    pub graphics_backend_effective: String,
+    /// 该实例版本能不能用 `--graphicsBackend`（core 的版本门槛判定；`false` ⇒ UI 灰化 + 提示）。
+    pub graphics_backend_allowed: bool,
+    /// 判定所依据的游戏版本（提示文案「需 MC 26.2+」旁边给出实际版本）。
+    pub mc_version: String,
+    /// 门槛的最低版本（core 的 `GRAPHICS_BACKEND_MIN_VERSION`；文案与测试共用一份来源）。
+    pub graphics_backend_min_version: String,
+    /// 图形后端三态的词表（顺序即下拉顺序；来自 core，不让 UI 手抄）。
+    pub graphics_backend_options: Vec<String>,
+}
+
+impl LaunchArgsView {
+    /// 三态下拉的 id → 是不是当前生效值（UI 高亮用；未知值原样比较）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_effective_backend(&self, id: &str) -> bool {
+        self.graphics_backend_effective == id
+    }
+}
+
+/// 实例启动参数的**写回**补丁（GUI 表单与 CLI 共用）。
+///
+/// 每个字段：`None` = 不改；`Some("")` = 清空（回到跟随下一层）。
+#[derive(Debug, Clone, PartialEq, Eq, Default, Serialize, Deserialize)]
+pub struct LaunchArgsPatch {
+    /// 实例层 JVM 参数（文本，空白分隔）。
+    pub jvm_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例层游戏参数（文本）。
+    pub game_args: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例层最大堆（文本形态，host 解析；空 = 跟随全局）。
+    pub memory_mb: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例层 Java 可执行文件。
+    pub java_path: Option<String>,
+    /// 实例层图形后端（`default` / `opengl` / `vulkan`）。
+    pub graphics_backend: Option<String>,
+}
+
+impl LaunchArgsPatch {
+    /// 是否什么都不改（UI 没动过表单时的短路）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn is_empty(&self) -> bool {
+        self.jvm_args.is_none()
+            && self.game_args.is_none()
+            && self.memory_mb.is_none()
+            && self.java_path.is_none()
+            && self.graphics_backend.is_none()
+    }
+
+    /// 只改图形后端（下拉切换的最小补丁）。
+    #[must_use]
+    pub fn backend(id: &str) -> Self {
+        Self {
+            graphics_backend: Some(id.to_string()),
+            ..Self::default()
+        }
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn empty_patch_touches_nothing() {
+        assert!(LaunchArgsPatch::default().is_empty());
+        assert!(!LaunchArgsPatch::backend("vulkan").is_empty());
+        // `Some("")` 是「清空」而不是「不改」——两者不能折叠成一个判据。
+        let clear = LaunchArgsPatch {
+            jvm_args: Some(String::new()),
+            ..LaunchArgsPatch::default()
+        };
+        assert!(!clear.is_empty());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn view_round_trips_as_ipc() {
+        let view = LaunchArgsView {
+            instance_id: "inst-1".to_string(),
+            jvm_args: "-XX:+UseG1GC".to_string(),
+            game_args: String::new(),
+            memory_mb: Some(4096),
+            memory_effective_mb: 4096,
+            java_path: String::new(),
+            java_effective: "C:/jdk21/bin/java.exe".to_string(),
+            graphics_backend: "vulkan".to_string(),
+            graphics_backend_effective: "vulkan".to_string(),
+            graphics_backend_allowed: true,
+            mc_version: "26.2-snapshot-2".to_string(),
+            graphics_backend_min_version: "26.2-snapshot-2".to_string(),
+            graphics_backend_options: vec![
+                "default".to_string(),
+                "opengl".to_string(),
+                "vulkan".to_string(),
+            ],
+        };
+        let text = serde_json::to_string(&view).expect("序列化");
+        let back: LaunchArgsView = serde_json::from_str(&text).expect("反序列化");
+        assert_eq!(back, view);
+        assert!(back.is_effective_backend("vulkan"));
+        assert!(!back.is_effective_backend("opengl"));
+    }
+}

crates/presenter/src/dto/mod.rs

@@ -21,6 +21,8 @@ mod events;
 mod install;
 mod instances;
 mod java;
+// M157: 实例启动参数（启动参数区的读取视图 + 写回补丁）
+mod launch_args;
 mod logs;
 mod notices;
 // M113: import/export —— 整合包导入/导出的 DTO（M111/M112 管线的 IPC 面）
@@ -45,6 +47,7 @@ pub use instances::{
     LoaderKind, Progress,
 };
 pub use java::{JavaChainOutcome, JavaChainStep, JavaPageView, JavaRuntimeView, JavaVendorView};
+pub use launch_args::{LaunchArgsPatch, LaunchArgsView};
 pub use logs::{Diagnosis, DiagnosisReport, LogLevel, LogLine, LogOutcome, LogSession, SessionId};
 pub use notices::{NoticeLevel, NoticeView};
 // M113: import/export

crates/presenter/src/host/dispatch.rs

@@ -98,6 +98,15 @@ impl CoreHost {
                     Err(reason) => self.toast(ToastKind::Error, reason),
                 }
             }
+            AppCommand::SetInstanceLaunchArgs { id, patch } => {
+                match self.apply_launch_args(&id, &patch) {
+                    Ok(()) => {
+                        self.toast(ToastKind::Success, "启动参数已保存");
+                        self.refresh_instances();
+                    }
+                    Err(reason) => self.toast(ToastKind::Error, reason),
+                }
+            }
             AppCommand::RefreshLogSessions => {
                 self.send(CoreEvent::LogSessionsChanged(logs::sessions(&self.env)));
             }

crates/presenter/src/host/game.rs

@@ -126,16 +126,18 @@ pub fn instances(env: &HostEnv) -> Vec<InstanceSummary> {
         .map(|profile| {
             let version_id = profile.version_id.clone();
             let (mc_version, loader) = describe_version(env, &version_id);
+            let id = profile.id.as_str();
             InstanceSummary {
-                id: profile.id.as_str().to_string(),
+                id: id.to_string(),
                 name: profile.name.clone(),
                 mc_version,
                 loader,
-                last_played: played.get(profile.id.as_str()).cloned(),
+                last_played: played.get(id).cloned(),
                 runtime: InstanceRuntime::Idle,
                 icon: None,
-                isolation: isolation_of(env, profile.id.as_str()),
+                isolation: isolation_of(env, id),
                 version_present: env.game.is_version_installed(&version_id),
+                launch: super::launch_args::view(env, id, &version_id),
                 version_id,
             }
         })
@@ -205,196 +207,4 @@ pub fn short_path(path: &Path) -> String {
 }
 
 #[cfg(test)]
-mod tests {
-    use super::*;
-
-    /// 版本 id → DTO 加载器的接口面（解析在 core，这里只验翻译没走样）。
-    ///
-    /// 抓得住：显示路径把某个种类翻错/翻塌（例如 Quilt 写成 Forge）——`dto_kind` 的委派与
-    /// `dto` 的 `from_core` 都落在这一条上；以及 core 解析端退回老口径（`fabric-loader-…` 才认、
-    /// 自家 `1.20.4-fabric-0.16.5` 认不出）——后两条正是 M122 的 bug 面。
-    /// 抓不住：core 解析规则本身（真值表在 `unlucky_core::game::loader` 的测试里，那边才是
-    /// 真相源）；也抓不住「版本号为空时不显示品牌名」那条（在 `LoaderInfo::badge` 与
-    /// app-iced 的 `loader_badge`，M120 已修，别在这里重复）。
-    #[test]
-    fn loader_parsing_covers_all_shapes() {
-        let cases = [
-            ("1.20.4", LoaderKind::Vanilla, ""),
-            // 自家口径（生成端 `LoaderKind::version_id`）：`<mc>-<kind>-<loader>`
-            ("1.20.4-fabric-0.16.5", LoaderKind::Fabric, "0.16.5"),
-            ("1.20.4-quilt-0.27.0", LoaderKind::Quilt, "0.27.0"),
-            ("1.20.1-forge-47.2.0", LoaderKind::Forge, "47.2.0"),
-            ("1.21.1-neoforge-21.1.80", LoaderKind::NeoForge, "21.1.80"),
-            // 老 HMCL 口径（存量实例还会带着它们）
-            ("fabric-loader-0.16.5-1.20.1", LoaderKind::Fabric, "0.16.5"),
-            ("quilt-loader-0.24.0-1.20.1", LoaderKind::Quilt, "0.24.0"),
-            // 第三方口径
-            ("1.13.2-OptiFine_HD_U_E6", LoaderKind::OptiFine, "HD_U_E6"),
-            ("1.12.2-LiteLoader", LoaderKind::LiteLoader, ""),
-        ];
-        for (id, kind, version) in cases {
-            let info = loader_from_id(id);
-            assert_eq!(info.kind, kind, "{id}");
-            assert_eq!(info.version, version, "{id}");
-            assert!(!info.badge().is_empty());
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// 显示路径的**全量**锚：core 的每一种加载器，从自家版本 id 走到磁贴时仍然是**它自己**。
-    ///
-    /// 清单取自 [`unlucky_core::game::LoaderKind::ALL`]，**不手抄**：M126 r3 复审实测出的缺口正是
-    /// 「手抄的清单跟着漏」——core 加第八家、契约与 help 都补齐、只在 `dto_kind` 那一支写
-    /// `=> Vanilla`，三个 crate 全绿而磁贴静默显示「原版」。`ALL` 由 core 的宏表长出来，加一家
-    /// 自动进圈，测试作者不需要（也没法）记得补一行。
-    ///
-    /// 抓得住：显示路径任何一环把种类翻塌成原版——`dto_kind` 又变回手写映射、`dto` 的
-    /// `from_core` 那一支接错、`label()` 被写成「原版」；**包括新加的那种**（那时 `ALL` 先变长）。
-    /// 抓不住：core 的 id 解析规则本身（真值表在 `unlucky_core::game::loader`）；版本号为空的
-    /// 徽标判据（M120 的 `loader_badge`，本 crate 不渲染）。
-    #[test]
-    fn every_core_loader_kind_reaches_the_tile_as_itself() {
-        use unlucky_core::game::LoaderKind as Core;
-        for kind in Core::ALL {
-            let info = loader_from_id(&format!("1.20.4-{}-0.16.5", kind.as_str()));
-            assert_eq!(
-                info.kind.as_str(),
-                kind.as_str(),
-                "core 的 {kind:?} 走到磁贴时变成了 `{}`（徽标 `{}`）",
-                info.kind.as_str(),
-                info.badge()
-            );
-            assert_eq!(
-                info.badge().starts_with(LoaderKind::Vanilla.label()),
-                kind == Core::Vanilla,
-                "core 的 {kind:?} 在磁贴上的徽标是 `{}`",
-                info.badge()
-            );
-        }
-    }
-
-    /// 端到端（数据层）：真装出来的四个加载器实例，走 [`instances`] 的快照各自带对加载器。
-    ///
-    /// 造的是本启动器**真实产物**的形状：`profiles.json` 里 `versionId` 是自家 id，
-    /// `versions/<id>/<id>.json` 里 `inheritsFrom` 指向原版层（生成端见
-    /// `unlucky_core::addon::loader`）。原版版本号由此取自继承链根，不是从 id 里切的。
-    ///
-    /// 抓得住：`describe_version` ↔ `loader_from_id` ↔ `instances` 这条链上任何一环把加载器
-    /// 丢掉（磁贴会显示「原版」——M122 的用户可见症状）；以及继承链根取错（磁贴的版本号）。
-    /// 抓不住：实例页真出图（走 app-iced 的视图模型与 `loader_badge`，本 crate 不渲染）；
-    /// 也抓不住「真下载安装了 Fabric/Quilt/Forge/NeoForge」——这里只伪造落盘结果。
-    #[test]
-    fn own_installed_instances_snapshot_carries_their_loader() {
-        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ull-host-game-own-{}", std::process::id()));
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
-        let env = HostEnv::at_root(&dir);
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(env.layout.config()).expect("config 目录");
-
-        let cases = [
-            (
-                "1.20.4-fabric-0.16.5",
-                "1.20.4",
-                LoaderKind::Fabric,
-                "Fabric 0.16.5",
-            ),
-            (
-                "1.20.4-quilt-0.27.0",
-                "1.20.4",
-                LoaderKind::Quilt,
-                "Quilt 0.27.0",
-            ),
-            (
-                "1.20.1-forge-47.2.0",
-                "1.20.1",
-                LoaderKind::Forge,
-                "Forge 47.2.0",
-            ),
-            (
-                "1.21.1-neoforge-21.1.80",
-                "1.21.1",
-                LoaderKind::NeoForge,
-                "NeoForge 21.1.80",
-            ),
-        ];
-        for (version_id, mc_version, _, _) in cases {
-            for (id, inherits) in [(mc_version, None), (version_id, Some(mc_version))] {
-                let json = match inherits {
-                    Some(parent) => format!(r#"{{"id":"{id}","inheritsFrom":"{parent}"}}"#),
-                    None => format!(r#"{{"id":"{id}"}}"#),
-                };
-                let path = env.game.version_json(id);
-                std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().expect("版本目录")).expect("版本目录");
-                std::fs::write(&path, json).expect("写版本 JSON");
-            }
-        }
-
-        let profiles = ProfileList {
-            profiles: cases
-                .iter()
-                .map(
-                    |(version_id, _, _, _)| unlucky_core::game::InstanceProfile {
-                        id: unlucky_core::game::ProfileId::generate(),
-                        name: format!("装好的 {version_id}"),
-                        version_id: (*version_id).to_string(),
-                        game_dir: None,
-                        running_dir: None,
-                        java_path: None,
-                        created_at: None,
-                        last_played_at: None,
-                        extra: BTreeMap::new(),
-                    },
-                )
-                .collect(),
-            ..ProfileList::default()
-        };
-        unlucky_core::game::install::instance::write_profiles(&env.layout, &profiles)
-            .expect("写清单");
-
-        let snapshot = instances(&env);
-        assert_eq!(snapshot.len(), cases.len());
-        for ((version_id, mc_version, kind, badge), tile) in cases.iter().zip(&snapshot) {
-            assert_eq!(tile.version_id.as_str(), *version_id);
-            assert_eq!(
-                tile.mc_version.as_str(),
-                *mc_version,
-                "{version_id} 的版本号取错"
-            );
-            assert_eq!(tile.loader.kind, *kind, "{version_id} 的加载器");
-            assert_eq!(tile.loader.badge().as_str(), *badge, "{version_id} 的徽标");
-            assert!(tile.version_present, "{version_id} 的载荷应当存在");
-        }
-        std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
-    }
-
-    #[test]
-    fn isolation_write_then_read_round_trips() {
-        let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ull-host-game-{}", std::process::id()));
-        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
-        let env = HostEnv::at_root(&dir);
-        std::fs::create_dir_all(env.layout.config()).expect("config 目录");
-
-        // 直接建一份 profiles.json（register 需要版本本体，这里只测隔离写读）
-        let profiles = ProfileList {
-            profiles: vec![unlucky_core::game::InstanceProfile {
-                id: unlucky_core::game::ProfileId::generate(),
-                name: "demo".to_string(),
-                version_id: "1.20.1".to_string(),
-                game_dir: None,
-                running_dir: None,
-                java_path: None,
-                created_at: None,
-                last_played_at: None,
-                extra: BTreeMap::new(),
-            }],
-            ..ProfileList::default()
-        };
-        unlucky_core::game::install::instance::write_profiles(&env.layout, &profiles)
-            .expect("写清单");
-        let id = profiles.profiles[0].id.as_str().to_string();
-
-        assert_eq!(isolation_of(&env, &id), "isolated");
-        set_isolation(&env, &id, "shared").expect("切档位");
-        assert_eq!(isolation_of(&env, &id), "shared");
-        assert!(set_isolation(&env, &id, "nope").is_err());
-        std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
-    }
-}
+mod tests;

crates/presenter/src/host/game/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,189 @@
+use super::*;
+
+/// 版本 id → DTO 加载器的接口面（解析在 core，这里只验翻译没走样）。
+///
+/// 抓得住：显示路径把某个种类翻错/翻塌（例如 Quilt 写成 Forge）——`dto_kind` 的委派与
+/// `dto` 的 `from_core` 都落在这一条上；以及 core 解析端退回老口径（`fabric-loader-…` 才认、
+/// 自家 `1.20.4-fabric-0.16.5` 认不出）——后两条正是 M122 的 bug 面。
+/// 抓不住：core 解析规则本身（真值表在 `unlucky_core::game::loader` 的测试里，那边才是
+/// 真相源）；也抓不住「版本号为空时不显示品牌名」那条（在 `LoaderInfo::badge` 与
+/// app-iced 的 `loader_badge`，M120 已修，别在这里重复）。
+#[test]
+fn loader_parsing_covers_all_shapes() {
+    let cases = [
+        ("1.20.4", LoaderKind::Vanilla, ""),
+        // 自家口径（生成端 `LoaderKind::version_id`）：`<mc>-<kind>-<loader>`
+        ("1.20.4-fabric-0.16.5", LoaderKind::Fabric, "0.16.5"),
+        ("1.20.4-quilt-0.27.0", LoaderKind::Quilt, "0.27.0"),
+        ("1.20.1-forge-47.2.0", LoaderKind::Forge, "47.2.0"),
+        ("1.21.1-neoforge-21.1.80", LoaderKind::NeoForge, "21.1.80"),
+        // 老 HMCL 口径（存量实例还会带着它们）
+        ("fabric-loader-0.16.5-1.20.1", LoaderKind::Fabric, "0.16.5"),
+        ("quilt-loader-0.24.0-1.20.1", LoaderKind::Quilt, "0.24.0"),
+        // 第三方口径
+        ("1.13.2-OptiFine_HD_U_E6", LoaderKind::OptiFine, "HD_U_E6"),
+        ("1.12.2-LiteLoader", LoaderKind::LiteLoader, ""),
+    ];
+    for (id, kind, version) in cases {
+        let info = loader_from_id(id);
+        assert_eq!(info.kind, kind, "{id}");
+        assert_eq!(info.version, version, "{id}");
+        assert!(!info.badge().is_empty());
+    }
+}
+
+/// 显示路径的**全量**锚：core 的每一种加载器，从自家版本 id 走到磁贴时仍然是**它自己**。
+///
+/// 清单取自 [`unlucky_core::game::LoaderKind::ALL`]，**不手抄**：M126 r3 复审实测出的缺口正是
+/// 「手抄的清单跟着漏」——core 加第八家、契约与 help 都补齐、只在 `dto_kind` 那一支写
+/// `=> Vanilla`，三个 crate 全绿而磁贴静默显示「原版」。`ALL` 由 core 的宏表长出来，加一家
+/// 自动进圈，测试作者不需要（也没法）记得补一行。
+///
+/// 抓得住：显示路径任何一环把种类翻塌成原版——`dto_kind` 又变回手写映射、`dto` 的
+/// `from_core` 那一支接错、`label()` 被写成「原版」；**包括新加的那种**（那时 `ALL` 先变长）。
+/// 抓不住：core 的 id 解析规则本身（真值表在 `unlucky_core::game::loader`）；版本号为空的
+/// 徽标判据（M120 的 `loader_badge`，本 crate 不渲染）。
+#[test]
+fn every_core_loader_kind_reaches_the_tile_as_itself() {
+    use unlucky_core::game::LoaderKind as Core;
+    for kind in Core::ALL {
+        let info = loader_from_id(&format!("1.20.4-{}-0.16.5", kind.as_str()));
+        assert_eq!(
+            info.kind.as_str(),
+            kind.as_str(),
+            "core 的 {kind:?} 走到磁贴时变成了 `{}`（徽标 `{}`）",
+            info.kind.as_str(),
+            info.badge()
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            info.badge().starts_with(LoaderKind::Vanilla.label()),
+            kind == Core::Vanilla,
+            "core 的 {kind:?} 在磁贴上的徽标是 `{}`",
+            info.badge()
+        );
+    }
+}
+
+/// 端到端（数据层）：真装出来的四个加载器实例，走 [`instances`] 的快照各自带对加载器。
+///
+/// 造的是本启动器**真实产物**的形状：`profiles.json` 里 `versionId` 是自家 id，
+/// `versions/<id>/<id>.json` 里 `inheritsFrom` 指向原版层（生成端见
+/// `unlucky_core::addon::loader`）。原版版本号由此取自继承链根，不是从 id 里切的。
+///
+/// 抓得住：`describe_version` ↔ `loader_from_id` ↔ `instances` 这条链上任何一环把加载器
+/// 丢掉（磁贴会显示「原版」——M122 的用户可见症状）；以及继承链根取错（磁贴的版本号）。
+/// 抓不住：实例页真出图（走 app-iced 的视图模型与 `loader_badge`，本 crate 不渲染）；
+/// 也抓不住「真下载安装了 Fabric/Quilt/Forge/NeoForge」——这里只伪造落盘结果。
+#[test]
+fn own_installed_instances_snapshot_carries_their_loader() {
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ull-host-game-own-{}", std::process::id()));
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    let env = HostEnv::at_root(&dir);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(env.layout.config()).expect("config 目录");
+
+    let cases = [
+        (
+            "1.20.4-fabric-0.16.5",
+            "1.20.4",
+            LoaderKind::Fabric,
+            "Fabric 0.16.5",
+        ),
+        (
+            "1.20.4-quilt-0.27.0",
+            "1.20.4",
+            LoaderKind::Quilt,
+            "Quilt 0.27.0",
+        ),
+        (
+            "1.20.1-forge-47.2.0",
+            "1.20.1",
+            LoaderKind::Forge,
+            "Forge 47.2.0",
+        ),
+        (
+            "1.21.1-neoforge-21.1.80",
+            "1.21.1",
+            LoaderKind::NeoForge,
+            "NeoForge 21.1.80",
+        ),
+    ];
+    for (version_id, mc_version, _, _) in cases {
+        for (id, inherits) in [(mc_version, None), (version_id, Some(mc_version))] {
+            let json = match inherits {
+                Some(parent) => format!(r#"{{"id":"{id}","inheritsFrom":"{parent}"}}"#),
+                None => format!(r#"{{"id":"{id}"}}"#),
+            };
+            let path = env.game.version_json(id);
+            std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().expect("版本目录")).expect("版本目录");
+            std::fs::write(&path, json).expect("写版本 JSON");
+        }
+    }
+
+    let profiles = ProfileList {
+        profiles: cases
+            .iter()
+            .map(
+                |(version_id, _, _, _)| unlucky_core::game::InstanceProfile {
+                    id: unlucky_core::game::ProfileId::generate(),
+                    name: format!("装好的 {version_id}"),
+                    version_id: (*version_id).to_string(),
+                    game_dir: None,
+                    running_dir: None,
+                    java_path: None,
+                    created_at: None,
+                    last_played_at: None,
+                    extra: BTreeMap::new(),
+                },
+            )
+            .collect(),
+        ..ProfileList::default()
+    };
+    unlucky_core::game::install::instance::write_profiles(&env.layout, &profiles).expect("写清单");
+
+    let snapshot = instances(&env);
+    assert_eq!(snapshot.len(), cases.len());
+    for ((version_id, mc_version, kind, badge), tile) in cases.iter().zip(&snapshot) {
+        assert_eq!(tile.version_id.as_str(), *version_id);
+        assert_eq!(
+            tile.mc_version.as_str(),
+            *mc_version,
+            "{version_id} 的版本号取错"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(tile.loader.kind, *kind, "{version_id} 的加载器");
+        assert_eq!(tile.loader.badge().as_str(), *badge, "{version_id} 的徽标");
+        assert!(tile.version_present, "{version_id} 的载荷应当存在");
+    }
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
+}
+
+#[test]
+fn isolation_write_then_read_round_trips() {
+    let dir = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("ull-host-game-{}", std::process::id()));
+    let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir);
+    let env = HostEnv::at_root(&dir);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(env.layout.config()).expect("config 目录");
+
+    // 直接建一份 profiles.json（register 需要版本本体，这里只测隔离写读）
+    let profiles = ProfileList {
+        profiles: vec![unlucky_core::game::InstanceProfile {
+            id: unlucky_core::game::ProfileId::generate(),
+            name: "demo".to_string(),
+            version_id: "1.20.1".to_string(),
+            game_dir: None,
+            running_dir: None,
+            java_path: None,
+            created_at: None,
+            last_played_at: None,
+            extra: BTreeMap::new(),
+        }],
+        ..ProfileList::default()
+    };
+    unlucky_core::game::install::instance::write_profiles(&env.layout, &profiles).expect("写清单");
+    let id = profiles.profiles[0].id.as_str().to_string();
+
+    assert_eq!(isolation_of(&env, &id), "isolated");
+    set_isolation(&env, &id, "shared").expect("切档位");
+    assert_eq!(isolation_of(&env, &id), "shared");
+    assert!(set_isolation(&env, &id, "nope").is_err());
+    std::fs::remove_dir_all(&dir).ok();
+}

crates/presenter/src/host/launch.rs

@@ -52,9 +52,28 @@ pub struct JavaPick {
     pub summary: String,
 }
 
-/// 选一个能用的 Java：托管 > JAVA_HOME > PATH（`core::game::java` 的探测与优先级）。
-pub fn pick_java(env: &HostEnv, version_id: &str) -> JavaPick {
+/// 选一个能用的 Java：显式路径（实例 → 全局 `java.selected_path`）> 托管 > JAVA_HOME > PATH。
+///
+/// 显式路径**先探测**（`java -version`）：探测失败不报错，按版本要求的基准主版本兜底——
+/// 与自动挑的退路同一口径（启动路径不该因为探测不到就拒绝启动）。
+pub fn pick_java(env: &HostEnv, version_id: &str, explicit: Option<&std::path::Path>) -> JavaPick {
     let store = env.store();
+    let required = unlucky_core::game::java::requirement_for_version(&env.game, version_id);
+    if let Some(path) = explicit {
+        let runtime = unlucky_core::game::java::probe::probe(
+            path,
+            unlucky_core::game::java::probe::JavaOrigin::Instance,
+        );
+        let major = runtime.major.unwrap_or(required.minimum);
+        return JavaPick {
+            selection: JavaSelection::new(runtime.binary.clone(), major, runtime.bits),
+            summary: format!(
+                "实例指定 Java {}（{}）",
+                runtime.version.clone().unwrap_or_else(|| major.to_string()),
+                path.display()
+            ),
+        };
+    }
     let install_root = store
         .doc()
         .effective_str("java.installRoot")
@@ -69,7 +88,6 @@ pub fn pick_java(env: &HostEnv, version_id: &str) -> JavaPick {
         &ProcessEnv,
     );
     let candidates = unlucky_core::game::java::candidates_in_roots(&roots);
-    let required = unlucky_core::game::java::requirement_for_version(&env.game, version_id);
     let picked = unlucky_core::game::java::pick(&candidates, &required).cloned();
     match picked {
         Some(runtime) => {
@@ -181,11 +199,16 @@ pub fn build_request(
         .assets
         .clone()
         .or_else(|| resolved.asset_index.as_ref().map(|index| index.id.clone()));
+    // 装配的门限 / 分支按**继承链的 MC 根版本**判，不是带加载器后缀的 version_id：
+    // `26w14a-fabric-0.16.5` 这种 id 在 `GameVersion::is_weekly_snapshot`（6 字符形态）上判不出来，
+    // 周快照的 `--graphicsBackend` 会在拼装链里被静默跳过——而详情页的门槛
+    // （`host::launch_args::backend_gate`）与 CLI 用的都是根版本，两边必须同一口径。
+    let (mc_version, _) = super::game::describe_version(env, &version_id);
     let snapshot = SnapshotInput {
         version_id: &version_id,
         version_name: Some(&target.name),
         version_type: None,
-        game_version: None,
+        game_version: Some(mc_version.as_str()),
         main_class: resolved.main_class.as_deref(),
         jvm_arguments: &expanded.jvm,
         game_arguments: &expanded.game,
@@ -201,18 +224,14 @@ pub fn build_request(
         game_assets: assets_root,
     };
 
-    let java = pick_java(env, &version_id);
+    let overrides = super::launch_args::resolved(env, &target.id);
+    let java = pick_java(env, &version_id, overrides.java_path.as_deref());
     let (auth, identity_line) = super::identity::resolve(env, target.account.as_deref())?;
-    let memory = env
-        .store()
-        .effective("java.default_memory_mb")
-        .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_u64)
-        .and_then(|value| u32::try_from(value).ok());
     let options = AdapterOptions {
         java: java.selection,
         memory: MemoryOptions {
             min_mb: None,
-            max_mb: memory,
+            max_mb: Some(overrides.memory_mb),
         },
         auth,
         launcher_name: LAUNCHER_NAME.to_string(),
@@ -227,6 +246,8 @@ pub fn build_request(
     let mut request = output.request;
     request.instance.id = target.id.clone();
     request.instance.name = target.name.clone();
+    // 实例级启动参数（三级回落后的生效值）最后落位：user.* / memory / graphics_backend。
+    unlucky_core::launch::overrides::apply(&mut request, &overrides);
     Ok((request, warnings))
 }
 
@@ -356,3 +377,6 @@ fn describe_warning(warning: &AdapterWarning) -> String {
 pub fn isolation_label(mode: IsolationMode) -> &'static str {
     mode.as_str()
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests;

crates/presenter/src/host/launch/tests.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,96 @@
+//! `host::launch` 的回归用例（M157 r3 复审 P2-1）：装配用的游戏版本必须是**继承链的 MC 根版本**。
+
+use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+use super::*;
+
+/// 一次性临时目录（同 `host::launch_args` 测试：不引第三方 tempfile）。
+struct TempDir(PathBuf);
+
+impl TempDir {
+    fn new(tag: &str) -> Self {
+        static COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+        let seq = COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+        let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!(
+            "ull-host-launch-{tag}-{}-{seq}",
+            std::process::id()
+        ));
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&path);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(&path).expect("建临时目录");
+        Self(path)
+    }
+
+    fn path(&self) -> &Path {
+        &self.0
+    }
+}
+
+impl Drop for TempDir {
+    fn drop(&mut self) {
+        let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&self.0);
+    }
+}
+
+fn write_version(env: &HostEnv, id: &str, json: &str) {
+    let path = env.game.version_json(id);
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().expect("版本目录")).expect("版本目录");
+    std::fs::write(&path, json).expect("写版本 JSON");
+}
+
+/// **周快照 + 加载器实例**的装配：`SnapshotInput.game_version` 要拿继承链根的 `26w14a`，
+/// 不是带加载器后缀的 `26w14a-fabric-0.16.5`。
+///
+/// 抓得住：`build_request` 回退成 `game_version: None`（装配链用 `version_id` 判门限）——
+/// 那时 `GameVersion::is_weekly_snapshot` 的 6 字符形态认不出这个 id，`--graphicsBackend`
+/// 会在拼装链里被静默跳过，而详情页的门槛（`host::launch_args::backend_gate`，用根版本）
+/// 显示「可用」——正是复审复现的「UI 说能开、命令行里没有」。
+/// 抓不住：拼装本身（`crates/core/src/launch/overrides/tests.rs` 的
+/// `modded_weekly_snapshot_needs_the_root_version_for_the_gate` 出完整 argv）。
+#[test]
+fn weekly_loader_instance_assembles_against_the_mc_root_version() {
+    let dir = TempDir::new("weekly");
+    let env = HostEnv::at_root(dir.path());
+    std::fs::create_dir_all(env.layout.config()).expect("config 目录");
+
+    // 周快照本体：库表带 lwjgl-vulkan（能力位），主类齐全。
+    write_version(
+        &env,
+        "26w14a",
+        r#"{"id":"26w14a","type":"snapshot","mainClass":"net.minecraft.client.main.Main",
+            "libraries":[{"name":"org.lwjgl:lwjgl-vulkan:3.4.3"}]}"#,
+    );
+    // Fabric 层：只写自己的主类 + inheritsFrom（真实落盘形状）。
+    write_version(
+        &env,
+        "26w14a-fabric-0.16.5",
+        r#"{"id":"26w14a-fabric-0.16.5","inheritsFrom":"26w14a",
+            "mainClass":"net.fabricmc.loader.impl.launch.knot.KnotClient"}"#,
+    );
+
+    let target = LaunchTarget {
+        id: "inst-1".to_string(),
+        name: "周快照 Fabric".to_string(),
+        version_id: "26w14a-fabric-0.16.5".to_string(),
+        account: None,
+    };
+    let (request, _warnings) = build_request(&env, &target).expect("装配应成功");
+
+    assert_eq!(
+        request.instance.version.raw(),
+        "26w14a",
+        "装配用的游戏版本必须是继承链的 MC 根版本（带加载器后缀的 id 会让周快照门限失效）"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        request.instance.version.is_weekly_snapshot(),
+        "根版本要能被识别成周快照形态"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        request.manifest.has_vulkan_backend,
+        "能力位来自继承链解析后的库表（lwjgl-vulkan 在父层）"
+    );
+    assert!(
+        !request.instance.version.is_known(),
+        "周快照刻意不可排序（is_known=false），门限只能靠库表兜底"
+    );
+}

crates/presenter/src/host/launch_args.rs

@@ -0,0 +1,356 @@
+//! 实例启动参数：读（三级回落 + 版本门槛）与写（`launch` 段）。
+//!
+//! 本模块是 M157 的 host 侧唯一入口：
+//! - [`view`] → [`LaunchArgsView`]（详情页「启动参数」区）；
+//! - [`apply`] → 写回实例文件（`launch.*`），空输入清成「跟随」；
+//! - [`resolved`] → 启动装配用的生效值（[`ResolvedLaunch`]），CLI 的 `snapshot::prepare`
+//!   与 GUI 的 `host::launch` 都从这里取，避免两条装配链各算一遍回落。
+//!
+//! 判据都在 core，本文件只做三件事：读设置文档填 [`GlobalLaunchDefaults`]、读实例文件、
+//! 把 core 的结论翻成 DTO。
+
+use std::path::PathBuf;
+
+use unlucky_core::game::install::instance::{
+    read_instance_config, write_instance_config, InstanceConfig,
+};
+use unlucky_core::game::launch_overrides::{
+    resolve as resolve_overrides, GlobalLaunchDefaults, GraphicsBackend, LaunchOverrides,
+    LaunchOverridesPatch, ResolvedLaunch,
+};
+use unlucky_core::game::{self, VersionCapabilities, VersionJson};
+use unlucky_core::launch::game_args::{graphics_backend_allowed, GRAPHICS_BACKEND_MIN_VERSION};
+use unlucky_core::launch::game_version::GameVersion;
+
+use crate::dto::{LaunchArgsPatch, LaunchArgsView};
+
+use super::env::HostEnv;
+
+/// 全局层：`java.extra_args` / `java.default_memory_mb` / `java.selected_path`。
+///
+/// 另外两项（游戏参数、图形后端）本轮没有全局键——回落链照样成立（全局层为 `None`），
+/// 理由见 M157 的定案（不为它们单开全局键，免得与实例语义打架）。
+pub fn global_defaults(env: &HostEnv) -> GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+    let store = env.store();
+    let text = |key: &str| -> Option<String> {
+        store
+            .doc()
+            .effective_str(key)
+            .map(str::trim)
+            .filter(|value| !value.is_empty())
+            .map(str::to_string)
+    };
+    GlobalLaunchDefaults {
+        jvm_args: text("java.extra_args"),
+        game_args: None,
+        memory_mb: store
+            .effective("java.default_memory_mb")
+            .and_then(serde_json::Value::as_u64)
+            .and_then(|value| u32::try_from(value).ok()),
+        java_path: text("java.selected_path").map(PathBuf::from),
+        graphics_backend: None,
+    }
+}
+
+/// 读实例文件的 `launch` 段（文件缺失 / 读失败 = 空段，不让详情页因此打不开）。
+fn instance_overrides(env: &HostEnv, instance_id: &str) -> LaunchOverrides {
+    if instance_id.is_empty() {
+        return LaunchOverrides::default();
+    }
+    read_instance_config(&env.layout, instance_id)
+        .ok()
+        .flatten()
+        .map(|config| config.launch)
+        .unwrap_or_default()
+}
+
+/// 三级回落后的生效值（启动装配与详情页共用同一份）。
+pub fn resolved(env: &HostEnv, instance_id: &str) -> ResolvedLaunch {
+    resolve_overrides(
+        Some(&instance_overrides(env, instance_id)),
+        &global_defaults(env),
+    )
+}
+
+/// 版本能力位（解析继承链之后取库表；读不到版本 JSON = 什么能力都没有）。
+fn capabilities(env: &HostEnv, version_id: &str) -> Option<VersionJson> {
+    let text = std::fs::read_to_string(env.game.version_json(version_id)).ok()?;
+    let manifest = VersionJson::from_json_str(&text).ok()?;
+    let source = |id: &str| -> Option<VersionJson> {
+        std::fs::read_to_string(env.game.version_json(id))
+            .ok()
+            .and_then(|text| VersionJson::from_json_str(&text).ok())
+    };
+    game::resolve(&source, &manifest).ok()
+}
+
+/// 该实例版本能不能下发 `--graphicsBackend`，以及判定所依据的游戏版本。
+///
+/// 判据是 core 的两件套（库表能力位 + 版本门槛），**UI 不复制**：
+/// `graphics_backend_allowed(GameVersion, has_vulkan_backend)`。
+pub fn backend_gate(env: &HostEnv, version_id: &str) -> (bool, String) {
+    let mc_version = super::game::describe_version(env, version_id).0;
+    let has_vulkan = capabilities(env, version_id)
+        .map(|json| VersionCapabilities::from_json(&json).has_vulkan_backend)
+        .unwrap_or(false);
+    let allowed = graphics_backend_allowed(&GameVersion::parse(&mc_version), has_vulkan);
+    (allowed, mc_version)
+}
+
+/// 详情页「启动参数」区的读取视图。
+pub fn view(env: &HostEnv, instance_id: &str, version_id: &str) -> LaunchArgsView {
+    let instance = instance_overrides(env, instance_id);
+    let effective = resolved(env, instance_id);
+    let (allowed, mc_version) = backend_gate(env, version_id);
+    LaunchArgsView {
+        instance_id: instance_id.to_string(),
+        jvm_args: instance.jvm_args.unwrap_or_default(),
+        game_args: instance.game_args.unwrap_or_default(),
+        memory_mb: instance.memory_mb,
+        memory_effective_mb: effective.memory_mb,
+        java_path: instance
+            .java_path
+            .map(|path| path.display().to_string())
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        java_effective: effective
+            .java_path
+            .map(|path| path.display().to_string())
+            .unwrap_or_default(),
+        graphics_backend: instance
+            .graphics_backend
+            .unwrap_or_default()
+            .as_str()
+            .to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_effective: effective.graphics_backend.as_str().to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_allowed: allowed,
+        mc_version,
+        graphics_backend_min_version: GRAPHICS_BACKEND_MIN_VERSION.to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_options: GraphicsBackend::IDS
+            .iter()
+            .map(|id| (*id).to_string())
+            .collect(),
+    }
+}
+
+/// 写回实例启动参数（`None` = 不改；`Some("")` = 清空回「跟随」）。
+///
+/// 校验（内存整数/范围、后端词表）在 core 的 [`LaunchOverridesPatch`] 里做一次，
+/// GUI 与 CLI 拿同一条错误文案。
+///
+/// # Errors
+///
+/// 实例不存在、值非法（内存越界 / 未知图形后端）、读写实例文件失败时返回用户可读文案。
+pub fn apply(
+    env: &HostEnv,
+    instance_id: &str,
+    version_id: &str,
+    patch: &LaunchArgsPatch,
+) -> Result<(), String> {
+    let core_patch = LaunchOverridesPatch {
+        jvm_args: patch.jvm_args.clone(),
+        game_args: patch.game_args.clone(),
+        memory_mb: patch.memory_mb.clone(),
+        java_path: patch.java_path.clone(),
+        graphics_backend: patch.graphics_backend.clone(),
+    };
+    let overrides = instance_overrides(env, instance_id).patched(&core_patch)?;
+
+    let mut config = read_instance_config(&env.layout, instance_id)
+        .map_err(|error| format!("读实例设置失败：{error}"))?
+        .unwrap_or_else(|| InstanceConfig::new(instance_id, version_id));
+    config.launch = overrides;
+    write_instance_config(&env.layout, &config)
+        .map(|_| ())
+        .map_err(|error| format!("写实例设置失败：{error}"))
+}
+
+/// 门槛判据里的最低版本常量（提示文案用；判据本身在 core）。
+pub fn min_version_hint() -> &'static str {
+    GRAPHICS_BACKEND_MIN_VERSION
+}
+
+impl super::CoreHost {
+    /// 写实例启动参数（先按 id 找档案拿 `versionId`，再落盘）。
+    ///
+    /// 实例必须已登记：没有档案时写 `config/instances/<id>.json` 会造出一个孤立的设置文件，
+    /// 启动链根本不会读它（它按 `profiles.json` 找实例）。
+    pub(super) fn apply_launch_args(
+        &mut self,
+        id: &str,
+        patch: &LaunchArgsPatch,
+    ) -> Result<(), String> {
+        let profiles = super::game::profiles(&self.env);
+        let profile = profiles
+            .profiles
+            .iter()
+            .find(|profile| profile.id.as_str() == id)
+            .ok_or_else(|| format!("找不到实例 `{id}`"))?;
+        apply(&self.env, id, &profile.version_id, patch)
+    }
+}
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    fn env() -> (HostEnv, tempdir::Dir) {
+        let dir = tempdir::Dir::new("ull-launch-args");
+        let env = HostEnv::at_root(&dir.path);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(env.layout.config()).expect("config 目录");
+        (env, dir)
+    }
+
+    /// 最小的 tempdir（与本 crate 其它 host 测试同款：不引第三方 tempfile）。
+    mod tempdir {
+        use std::path::{Path, PathBuf};
+        use std::sync::atomic::{AtomicU64, Ordering};
+
+        pub struct Dir {
+            pub path: PathBuf,
+        }
+
+        impl Dir {
+            pub fn new(tag: &str) -> Self {
+                // 每个用例一个目录：同一进程里跑多个用例时，只用 PID 命名会互相 `remove_dir_all`
+                // （并行跑就是「系统找不到指定的路径」——M157 r2 实测）。
+                static COUNTER: AtomicU64 = AtomicU64::new(0);
+                let seq = COUNTER.fetch_add(1, Ordering::Relaxed);
+                let path = std::env::temp_dir().join(format!("{tag}-{}-{seq}", std::process::id()));
+                let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(&path);
+                std::fs::create_dir_all(&path).expect("建临时目录");
+                Self { path }
+            }
+        }
+
+        impl Drop for Dir {
+            fn drop(&mut self) {
+                let _ = std::fs::remove_dir_all(Path::new(&self.path));
+            }
+        }
+    }
+
+    fn write_version(env: &HostEnv, id: &str, json: &str) {
+        let path = env.game.version_json(id);
+        std::fs::create_dir_all(path.parent().expect("版本目录")).expect("版本目录");
+        std::fs::write(&path, json).expect("写版本 JSON");
+    }
+
+    /// 26.2-snapshot-2 的库表里带 `lwjgl-vulkan`（与 `research/05-mc-vulkan.md` 一致）。
+    const VULKAN_VERSION: &str = r#"{
+        "id": "26.2-snapshot-2",
+        "libraries": [{"name": "org.lwjgl:lwjgl-vulkan:3.4.3"}]
+    }"#;
+
+    #[test]
+    fn gate_uses_core_capability_and_version_threshold() {
+        let (env, _dir) = env();
+        write_version(&env, "26.2-snapshot-2", VULKAN_VERSION);
+        let (allowed, mc) = backend_gate(&env, "26.2-snapshot-2");
+        assert!(allowed, "26.2-snapshot-2 应当放行");
+        assert_eq!(mc, "26.2-snapshot-2");
+
+        // 26.1：版本不够（即使库表里硬塞了 vulkan 也不放行——精确门限优先）。
+        write_version(&env, "26.1", VULKAN_VERSION);
+        let (allowed, mc) = backend_gate(&env, "26.1");
+        assert!(!allowed, "26.1 不该放行");
+        assert_eq!(mc, "26.1");
+
+        // 没有版本 JSON：能力位全假 ⇒ 不放行（不 panic）。
+        let (allowed, _) = backend_gate(&env, "1.20.4");
+        assert!(!allowed);
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn write_then_read_round_trips_through_the_instance_file() {
+        let (env, _dir) = env();
+        let patch = LaunchArgsPatch {
+            jvm_args: Some("  -XX:+UseG1GC  ".to_string()),
+            game_args: Some("--fullscreen".to_string()),
+            memory_mb: Some("6144".to_string()),
+            java_path: Some("D:/jdk21/bin/java.exe".to_string()),
+            graphics_backend: Some("vulkan".to_string()),
+        };
+        apply(&env, "inst-1", "1.20.4", &patch).expect("写回");
+        let config = read_instance_config(&env.layout, "inst-1")
+            .expect("读回")
+            .expect("文件应存在");
+        assert_eq!(config.launch.jvm_args.as_deref(), Some("-XX:+UseG1GC"));
+        assert_eq!(config.launch.memory_mb, Some(6144));
+        assert_eq!(
+            config.launch.graphics_backend,
+            Some(GraphicsBackend::Vulkan)
+        );
+        assert_eq!(config.version_id, "1.20.4");
+
+        // 清空 = 跟随：`default` 与空串都把键抹掉。
+        let clear = LaunchArgsPatch {
+            jvm_args: Some(String::new()),
+            game_args: Some("   ".to_string()),
+            memory_mb: Some(String::new()),
+            java_path: Some(String::new()),
+            graphics_backend: Some("default".to_string()),
+        };
+        apply(&env, "inst-1", "1.20.4", &clear).expect("清空");
+        let config = read_instance_config(&env.layout, "inst-1")
+            .expect("读回")
+            .expect("文件应存在");
+        assert!(
+            config.launch.is_empty(),
+            "清空之后 launch 段应为空：{:?}",
+            config.launch
+        );
+        let raw = config.to_json_string().expect("序列化");
+        assert!(!raw.contains("\"launch\""), "空段不落盘：{raw}");
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn invalid_values_are_rejected_not_silently_dropped() {
+        let (env, _dir) = env();
+        let bad_backend = LaunchArgsPatch::backend("vulkan2");
+        let error = apply(&env, "inst-1", "1.20.4", &bad_backend).expect_err("未知后端要报错");
+        assert!(error.contains("vulkan2"), "{error}");
+
+        let bad_memory = LaunchArgsPatch {
+            memory_mb: Some("999999".to_string()),
+            ..LaunchArgsPatch::default()
+        };
+        let error = apply(&env, "inst-1", "1.20.4", &bad_memory).expect_err("越界内存要报错");
+        assert!(error.contains("256"), "{error}");
+
+        let not_a_number = LaunchArgsPatch {
+            memory_mb: Some("4g".to_string()),
+            ..LaunchArgsPatch::default()
+        };
+        assert!(apply(&env, "inst-1", "1.20.4", &not_a_number).is_err());
+
+        // 失败的写入不许留下半截文件。
+        assert!(read_instance_config(&env.layout, "inst-1")
+            .expect("读")
+            .is_none());
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn view_reports_instance_layer_and_effective_values_apart() {
+        let (env, _dir) = env();
+        write_version(&env, "26.2-snapshot-2", VULKAN_VERSION);
+        // 只填图形后端：其余各项都是「跟随」，生效值要给得出来。
+        apply(
+            &env,
+            "inst-1",
+            "26.2-snapshot-2",
+            &LaunchArgsPatch::backend("vulkan"),
+        )
+        .expect("写回");
+        let view = view(&env, "inst-1", "26.2-snapshot-2");
+        assert_eq!(view.graphics_backend, "vulkan");
+        assert_eq!(view.graphics_backend_effective, "vulkan");
+        assert!(view.graphics_backend_allowed);
+        assert_eq!(view.instance_id, "inst-1");
+        assert_eq!(view.memory_mb, None);
+        assert_eq!(
+            view.memory_effective_mb,
+            unlucky_core::game::launch_overrides::DEFAULT_MAX_MEMORY_MB
+        );
+        assert_eq!(view.graphics_backend_options.len(), 3);
+    }
+}

crates/presenter/src/host/mod.rs

@@ -26,6 +26,7 @@ mod install_processors;
 mod java;
 mod job;
 mod launch;
+mod launch_args;
 mod loader_versions;
 mod logs;
 mod meter;

crates/presenter/src/mock_data.rs

@@ -4,8 +4,8 @@
 
 use crate::dto::{
     AncientKind, ChatMessage, ChatRole, Diagnosis, DiagnosisReport, InstanceRuntime,
-    InstanceSummary, LoaderInfo, LoaderKind, LogLevel, LogLine, LogOutcome, LogSession, SessionId,
-    ToolCallView, VersionCategory, VersionKind, VersionSummary,
+    InstanceSummary, LaunchArgsView, LoaderInfo, LoaderKind, LogLevel, LogLine, LogOutcome,
+    LogSession, SessionId, ToolCallView, VersionCategory, VersionKind, VersionSummary,
 };
 
 /// P0 演示实例：覆盖空闲 / 失败两种磁贴状态（运行中由启动脚本产生）。
@@ -25,6 +25,7 @@ pub fn mock_instances() -> Vec<InstanceSummary> {
             isolation: "isolated".to_string(),
             version_id: "1.20.4".to_string(),
             version_present: true,
+            launch: mock_launch(),
         },
         InstanceSummary {
             id: "vanilla-latest".to_string(),
@@ -40,6 +41,7 @@ pub fn mock_instances() -> Vec<InstanceSummary> {
             isolation: "isolated".to_string(),
             version_id: "1.21.9".to_string(),
             version_present: true,
+            launch: mock_launch(),
         },
         InstanceSummary {
             id: "ancient-1.7.10".to_string(),
@@ -55,6 +57,7 @@ pub fn mock_instances() -> Vec<InstanceSummary> {
             isolation: "shared".to_string(),
             version_id: "1.7.10".to_string(),
             version_present: false,
+            launch: mock_launch(),
         },
         InstanceSummary {
             id: "modded-dev".to_string(),
@@ -72,6 +75,7 @@ pub fn mock_instances() -> Vec<InstanceSummary> {
             isolation: "isolated".to_string(),
             version_id: "1.21.1-neoforge-21.1.72".to_string(),
             version_present: true,
+            launch: mock_launch(),
         },
     ]
 }
@@ -206,6 +210,29 @@ pub fn mock_versions_for(category: VersionCategory) -> Vec<VersionSummary> {
         .collect()
 }
 
+/// 演示用的启动参数视图（M157）：一条真实形状的实例（有 JVM 参数、Vulkan、门槛放行）。
+fn mock_launch() -> LaunchArgsView {
+    LaunchArgsView {
+        instance_id: "survival".to_string(),
+        jvm_args: "-XX:+UseG1GC".to_string(),
+        game_args: String::new(),
+        memory_mb: Some(4096),
+        memory_effective_mb: 4096,
+        java_path: String::new(),
+        java_effective: "C:/Java/temurin-21/bin/java.exe".to_string(),
+        graphics_backend: "vulkan".to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_effective: "vulkan".to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_allowed: true,
+        mc_version: "26.2-snapshot-2".to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_min_version: "26.2-snapshot-2".to_string(),
+        graphics_backend_options: vec![
+            "default".to_string(),
+            "opengl".to_string(),
+            "vulkan".to_string(),
+        ],
+    }
+}
+
 #[cfg(test)]
 mod tests {
     use crate::dto::{AncientKind, VersionCategory, VersionKind};

crates/presenter/src/state_tests.rs

@@ -27,6 +27,7 @@ fn instance(id: &str, name: &str) -> InstanceSummary {
         isolation: "isolated".to_string(),
         version_id: "1.20.4".to_string(),
         version_present: true,
+        launch: crate::dto::LaunchArgsView::default(),
     }
 }