diff --git a/crates/app-iced/examples/pages_demo.rs b/crates/app-iced/examples/pages_demo.rs
index 34122bf..f4fd806 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/examples/pages_demo.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/examples/pages_demo.rs
@@ -21,7 +21,9 @@ fn main() -> ExitCode {
             eprintln!(
                 "用法：pages_demo [--screen=instances|download|settings|logs] [--width <px>] \
                  [--height <px>] [--theme=light|dark] [--screenshot-theme=light|dark] \
-                 [--screenshot <png>] [--renderer=auto|gpu|cpu] [--software-renderer]"
+                 [--screenshot <png>] [--renderer=auto|gpu|cpu] [--software-renderer] \
+                 [--scale-factor <f32>] [--appearance=real|demo] [--passthrough=on|off] \
+                 [--force-state=rest|hover|pressed]"
             );
             return ExitCode::from(2);
         }
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/accent.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/accent.rs
index da81fff..5768784 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/accent.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/accent.rs
@@ -31,6 +31,7 @@ use unlucky_i18n::Lang;
 use unlucky_presenter::prefs::{AccentError, ACCENT_PRESETS};
 
 use crate::app::components::inputs::{text_field, Field};
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::pages::Message;
 use crate::theme::{to_iced, Ui, STROKE_PX};
 
@@ -44,6 +45,7 @@ pub(super) fn push<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     state: &'a State,
     lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
     rows: &mut Vec<Element<'a, Message>>,
 ) {
     let accent = &state.accent;
@@ -68,7 +70,7 @@ pub(super) fn push<'a>(
             .into(),
     );
 
-    rows.push(presets(ui, accent, lang));
+    rows.push(presets(ui, accent, lang, forced));
 
     // 非法值：**结构化的原因**，不是「格式不对」这种没法行动的一句话。
     if let Some(error) = accent.error() {
@@ -97,7 +99,12 @@ fn accent_commit() -> Message {
 ///
 /// 为什么分两行：一行放 9 个控件在设置卡片的正文宽度里会被挤成「7 + 1」折行，最后一颗色块
 /// 孤零零掉到下一行（出图实测）。分两行是**有意**的排版，不是被挤出来的。
-fn presets<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, accent: &'a Accent, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+fn presets<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    accent: &'a Accent,
+    lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let current = accent.persist_value();
     let head = row![
         container(label(ui, t(Key::SettingsAppearanceAccentPresets, lang)))
@@ -107,6 +114,7 @@ fn presets<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, accent: &'a Accent, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Messag
             t(Key::SettingsAppearanceAccentFactory, lang),
             current.is_empty(),
             Change::Accent(String::new()),
+            forced,
         ),
     ]
     .spacing(ui.space(Space::X2))
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/bg_image.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/bg_image.rs
index 6c71e6b..0f31b34 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/bg_image.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/bg_image.rs
@@ -13,6 +13,7 @@ use unlucky_i18n::Lang;
 use unlucky_presenter::prefs::BgFill;
 
 use crate::app::components::inputs::{slider, text_field, Field, Slider};
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::pages::Message;
 use crate::theme::Ui;
 
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ pub(super) fn push<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     state: &'a State,
     lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
     rows: &mut Vec<Element<'a, Message>>,
 ) {
     // ④ 背景图开关
@@ -39,12 +41,14 @@ pub(super) fn push<'a>(
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearanceOff, lang),
                 !state.bg_enabled,
                 Change::BgEnabled(false),
+                forced,
             ),
             choice(
                 ui,
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearanceOn, lang),
                 state.bg_enabled,
                 Change::BgEnabled(true),
+                forced,
             ),
         ],
     ));
@@ -109,18 +113,21 @@ pub(super) fn push<'a>(
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearanceBgFillCover, lang),
                 state.bg_fill == BgFill::Cover,
                 Change::BgFill(BgFill::Cover),
+                forced,
             ),
             choice(
                 ui,
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearanceBgFillContain, lang),
                 state.bg_fill == BgFill::Contain,
                 Change::BgFill(BgFill::Contain),
+                forced,
             ),
             choice(
                 ui,
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearanceBgFillTile, lang),
                 state.bg_fill == BgFill::Tile,
                 Change::BgFill(BgFill::Tile),
+                forced,
             ),
         ],
     ));
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/colour_source.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/colour_source.rs
index 8b9c85f..9ae4767 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/colour_source.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/colour_source.rs
@@ -5,6 +5,7 @@ use unlucky_i18n::catalog::Key;
 use unlucky_i18n::Lang;
 use unlucky_presenter::prefs::PaletteSource;
 
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::pages::Message;
 use crate::theme::Ui;
 
@@ -17,6 +18,7 @@ pub(super) fn push<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     state: &'a State,
     lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
     rows: &mut Vec<Element<'a, Message>>,
 ) {
     // ⑨ 配色来源
@@ -29,18 +31,21 @@ pub(super) fn push<'a>(
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearancePaletteBackground, lang),
                 state.palette_source == PaletteSource::BackgroundImage,
                 Change::PaletteSource(PaletteSource::BackgroundImage),
+                forced,
             ),
             choice(
                 ui,
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearancePaletteWallpaper, lang),
                 state.palette_source == PaletteSource::Wallpaper,
                 Change::PaletteSource(PaletteSource::Wallpaper),
+                forced,
             ),
             choice(
                 ui,
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearancePalettePreset, lang),
                 state.palette_source == PaletteSource::Preset,
                 Change::PaletteSource(PaletteSource::Preset),
+                forced,
             ),
         ],
     ));
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/mod.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/mod.rs
index 2501406..72c96cf 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/mod.rs
@@ -85,15 +85,24 @@ mod window;
 ///
 /// `lang` 是**这一次生效的语言**：`settings::view` 的 `Language.effective`（M179）。壳把各段按
 /// **视觉顺序**拼起来；每一段的语句逐字来自拆分前的 `section()`。
-pub fn section<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, state: &'a State, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+///
+/// `forced` 是 `--force-state` 的落点（M285，`pages::Model::forced` 一路递到 `Group.body`）：`None` =
+/// 按控件自己的观测态画（产品路径的常态）；`Some(..)` 只服务取证出图。它只改**画出来的**态——
+/// 每一段把它交给 [`choice`]，由 [`super::super::settings::resolve_state`] 那个唯一 resolve 点落地。
+pub fn section<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    state: &'a State,
+    lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let mut rows: Vec<Element<'a, Message>> = Vec::new();
 
     // M250：强调色排在最前 —— 它是「配色可自定义」这一页最直接的入口（键一直在，控件是新的）。
-    accent::push(ui, state, lang, &mut rows);
-    window::push(ui, state, lang, &mut rows);
+    accent::push(ui, state, lang, forced, &mut rows);
+    window::push(ui, state, lang, forced, &mut rows);
     panel::push(ui, state, lang, &mut rows);
-    bg_image::push(ui, state, lang, &mut rows);
-    colour_source::push(ui, state, lang, &mut rows);
+    bg_image::push(ui, state, lang, forced, &mut rows);
+    colour_source::push(ui, state, lang, forced, &mut rows);
 
     card(
         ui,
@@ -237,11 +246,14 @@ pub(super) fn choice_row<'a>(
 }
 
 /// 一个互斥按钮（选中态用 `SecondaryContainer`，未选中用透明 + `OnSurfaceVariant`）。
+///
+/// `forced`（M285）只往下递给 [`choice_style`]：`Some` 时按钮按那一态画，`None` 时按观测态画。
 pub(super) fn choice<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     text: &'a str,
     selected: bool,
     change: Change,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
 ) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let height = ui.metrics().control_height;
     let radius = ui.radius(ShapeScale::Full, height);
@@ -263,7 +275,7 @@ pub(super) fn choice<'a>(
     )
     .height(height)
     .padding(Padding::from([0.0, ui.space(Space::X3)]))
-    .style(choice_style(ui, selected, content_color, radius))
+    .style(choice_style(ui, selected, content_color, radius, forced))
     .on_press(Message::Appearance(change))
     .into()
 }
@@ -282,6 +294,7 @@ fn choice_style<'a>(
     selected: bool,
     content_color: Color,
     radius: Radius,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
 ) -> impl Fn(&IcedTheme, button::Status) -> button::Style + 'a {
     move |_theme, status| {
         let background = if selected {
@@ -289,7 +302,7 @@ fn choice_style<'a>(
         } else {
             interaction::layer_color(
                 ui,
-                Interaction::from_status(status),
+                crate::pages::settings::resolve_state(forced, status),
                 Role::OnSurface,
                 frame::BASE.role(),
             )
@@ -353,6 +366,7 @@ mod tests {
             false,
             ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant),
             ui.radius(ShapeScale::Full, ui.metrics().control_height),
+            None,
         );
         let theme = ui.theme();
         let hover = solid(style(&theme, button::Status::Hovered));
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/window.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/window.rs
index ff2ce98..6f2ca0b 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/window.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/section/window.rs
@@ -14,6 +14,7 @@ use unlucky_i18n::Lang;
 use unlucky_presenter::prefs::WindowCorner;
 
 use crate::app::components::inputs::{slider, Slider};
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::pages::Message;
 use crate::theme::Ui;
 
@@ -27,6 +28,7 @@ pub(super) fn push<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     state: &'a State,
     lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
     rows: &mut Vec<Element<'a, Message>>,
 ) {
     // ① 整窗透明度
@@ -59,12 +61,14 @@ pub(super) fn push<'a>(
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearanceCornerSystem, lang),
                 corner == WindowCorner::System,
                 Change::Corner(WindowCorner::System),
+                forced,
             ),
             choice(
                 ui,
                 t(Key::SettingsAppearanceCornerSquare, lang),
                 corner == WindowCorner::Square,
                 Change::Corner(WindowCorner::Square),
+                forced,
             ),
         ],
     ));
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/tests.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/tests.rs
index 22e4603..34606d5 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/tests.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/appearance/tests.rs
@@ -129,7 +129,7 @@ fn appearance_texts(lang: Lang, case: Case) -> Vec<(Key, String)> {
     probe::take();
     probe::take_rendered();
 
-    let _tree = super::section(&ui, &state, lang);
+    let _tree = super::section(&ui, &state, lang, None);
 
     let mut texts: Vec<(Key, String)> = probe::take()
         .into_iter()
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness.rs
index d0d1a32..817ab19 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness.rs
@@ -3,7 +3,8 @@
 //! **刻意不接 `cli.rs`**：等 `cli.rs` 具备 `--screen` / `--window-width` 之后，这个 harness 应当
 //! 删掉，改由正式启动参数出图。参数：`--screen=instances|download|settings|logs`、`--width`、
 //! `--height`、`--theme` / `--screenshot-theme`（后者优先）、`--screenshot`、`--renderer`、
-//! `--software-renderer`、`--scale-factor`、`--appearance=real|demo`、`--passthrough=on|off`。
+//! `--software-renderer`、`--scale-factor`、`--appearance=real|demo`、`--passthrough=on|off`、
+//! `--force-state=rest|hover|pressed`（M285：把控件钉到那一态出图，`rest` / 不给时截图通道默认就是它）。
 //! 解析与默认值在 [`request`]（M100 拆出去：本文件当时正好 400 行、零余量）；没给 `--screenshot`
 //! 就只是开窗看。
 //!
@@ -40,9 +41,43 @@
 //! 改成 900×600，落盘的就是 900×600 那张）。现在闸门在 [`should_request_capture`]，日志里的
 //! `落盘次数=` 必须恒为 1。
 //!
-//! **为什么不是给每个控件灌 forced**：设置页「外观」区的滑块 / 文本框 / 裸 `iced::button` 都不
-//! 消费 forced，那样做要改十几个组件文件——为取证去动产品组件，代价与风险都不对，而且新产品
-//! 组件随时会漏。
+//! **forced 能到哪儿（M285 订正）**：`--force-state` 只改**画出来的**态，不改状态机。它经
+//! `pages::Model.forced` → `settings::view(.., forced)` → `Group.body` 递到各控件。
+//!
+//! **已经消费的**：外观区 11 处 `choice`、语言 3 枚 / 主题 3 枚 chip、日志 2 颗 `action_button`
+//! ——这几类（`choice` / chip / `action_button`）一律走 `settings::resolve_state` 这个唯一 resolve 点；
+//! 另有 `components::buttons::Button` 的 7 处 `.state(..)` 走 `settings::forced_button`
+//! （update 3 / ai 2 / java 2）。
+//!
+//! **仍然不消费的（残留快照——**别**把它们当成「已接」）**：
+//!
+//! 1. **Downloads 组整组**：`settings/download.rs` 的 `body` 形参就是 `_forced`（接住不用），组里的
+//!    `switch` / `chip` / 两颗 `Button::new` 都不看 forced。实测 `--screen=download` 加
+//!    `--force-state=rest|hover|pressed` **三张图 md5 全等**（`e283c585fc06a0dd08efaf5596c9aa6f`）；
+//! 2. 外观区的**滑块 / 文本框 / 8 颗预设色块**（`ACCENT_PRESETS: [&str; 8]`；`accent::swatch` 是
+//!    本地助手，没有 forced 形参，描边闭包只看 `button::Status`）；
+//! 3. `components::selection` 的 `chip` / `switch` 站点里**还没搭线的那几处**（已知：update 的自动
+//!    检查 filter chip、ai 的 provider chip / reveal chip / 开关、download 的 switch 与 chip、java 的
+//!    `prefs_view` 两对上下移 chip 与 `download_view` 的三处 chip、以及 **`java/view.rs` 运行时的
+//!    「设为默认」chip**——`action_chip` 在非默认行返回可点的 `Chip::filter`，`runtime_row` 没有
+//!    forced 形参。这一串会漂，接线时请更新）。**同源 chip 里 `general/language.rs` 与
+//!    `general/theme.rs` 那 6 枚是已接的**（见上一段），别算进这里；
+//! 4. java 的字段 / 预设按钮（`java/fields.rs`、`java/prefs_view.rs`）——`java/download_view.rs` 里
+//!    一个 `Button` 都没有，它的下载控件是 chip，已在第 3 条；
+//! 5. **其它组的文本框**：`ai/view.rs` 的 base_url / model / api_key 三只 `Field`（java 的两样在第 4
+//!    条、download 的整组在第 1 条）。`Field` 本来就有 `.state(..)`，这里是没搭线。
+//!
+//! 这份清单是**残留快照，不是契约**：接上任何一处就把它从清单里划掉，别让它变成「文档说没接所以
+//! 不用接」；也别把它当穷举——判据只有一条：**这个控件有没有拿到 `forced`**。
+//!
+//! ⚠️ **别把「没搭线」说成「组件库缺能力」**：`Slider::state` / `Field::state` / `Chip::state` /
+//! `Switch::state` 全都存在且**在被消费**（它们本来就是 gallery 状态矩阵用的「强制视觉态」）。
+//! 上面那些站点只是没把 `forced` 递进去；真正缺 forced 入口的只有本地助手 `accent::swatch`。
+//!
+//! 本段之前写的是「裸 `iced::button` 都不消费 forced」——**那句正是 M282/M284 放弃像素验收的理由**，
+//! 已经不成立（残余清单之外的那几类现在出得来像素证据，见 M285 的 `DevDocs/artifacts/forcedwire/`）。
+//! 但也**别**反过来把「裸 `button(...)`」当成「已消费」的同义词：8 颗预设色块本身就是裸
+//! `button(...)` 且不消费。
 //!
 //! ```text
 //! cargo run -p unlucky-app-iced --example pages_demo -- --screen=instances --width=1180 \
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness/app.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness/app.rs
index de198f9..3af1417 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness/app.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness/app.rs
@@ -146,12 +146,15 @@ pub fn run(request: Request) -> Result<(), String> {
         iced::application(
             move || {
                 let mut model = demo_model(boot.screen, boot.width, boot.height);
-                // 截图通道把**消费 forced 的那批控件**（实例页）钉成常态，与产品 `--screenshot`
-                // 的 `ForcedState::Rest` 同一条纪律。它管不到设置页 / 外观区（那边不读 forced），
-                // 那两屏的密闭靠窗口级 passthrough——别把这条当成万能的。
-                if boot.screenshot.is_some() {
-                    model.forced = Some(Interaction::Enabled);
-                }
+                // 截图通道把消费 forced 的控件钉成常态，与产品 `--screenshot` 的 `ForcedState::Rest`
+                // 同一条纪律；显式的 `--force-state=hover|pressed` **优先**（那是故意要画那个态）。
+                //
+                // M285：这条线现在真的到得了设置页 / 外观区——`pages::Model.forced` 经
+                // `settings::view(.., forced)` → `Group.body` → 语言档 / 主题档 / 日志按钮 / 外观 choice，
+                // 由 `settings::resolve_state` 落到样式闭包。此前那四处的状态层只有单测证据。
+                model.forced = boot
+                    .force_state
+                    .or_else(|| boot.screenshot.is_some().then_some(Interaction::Enabled));
                 // M250：gallery 出图也要能看见强调色。**规则不在这里抄** —— 调产品用的同一个
                 // `theme::tokens`（优先级只定义一次）。如实补一句：harness 不建 `App`，所以这里
                 // 没有 D38 取色方案（第三个实参恒 `None`），出图**不覆盖**那条分支。
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness/request.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness/request.rs
index 569271e..d7cd4a5 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness/request.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/harness/request.rs
@@ -12,6 +12,7 @@ use std::path::PathBuf;
 
 use unlucky_design::color::SchemeFlavor;
 
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::cli::Backend;
 use crate::pages::{layout::WidthClass, Screen};
 
@@ -47,6 +48,18 @@ pub struct Request {
     ///
     /// 只对 `--screen=settings` 有意义：别的页没有外观分组，静默接受会造出「以为接了线」的假图（U1）。
     pub real_appearance: bool,
+    /// 强制交互态（`--force-state=rest|hover|pressed`）：`Some` 时**控件按那一态画**（M285）。
+    ///
+    /// 为什么这个开关在本文件而不在产品 bin：产品 bin 的 `--screen` 只认 `shell|gallery`，设置页 /
+    /// 外观区只能走本 harness 出图（`examples/pages_demo.rs`）。M282 / M284 各自撞过一次——
+    /// `pages::Model.forced` 到不了设置页，于是「hover 与 pressed 必须不同」这条判据**做不出像素证据**，
+    /// 只能降级成单测。接上之后两条态各自一张图。
+    ///
+    /// 词与语义与产品的 `cli::ForcedState` 一致（`rest|hover|pressed`），但**刻意不共用那个 enum**：
+    /// 产品那条通道的默认值与守卫（`--screenshot` 恒钉 `Rest`）是另一套，把两者拧在一起会让
+    /// 「取证通道的默认值」和「产品窗口的默认值」互相污染。这里存的是下游形状 [`Interaction`]，
+    /// 落点是 `pages::Model.forced`（`harness/app.rs`）。
+    pub force_state: Option<Interaction>,
     /// 截图窗口开**指针穿透**（`window::enable_mouse_passthrough` ⇒ winit `set_cursor_hittest(false)`）。
     ///
     /// 默认：给了 `--screenshot` 就开；**交互模式（没有截图）一律关**——交互窗口收不到鼠标是产品事故，
@@ -68,6 +81,7 @@ impl Default for Request {
             backend: Backend::Auto,
             scale_factor: None,
             real_appearance: false,
+            force_state: None,
             passthrough: false,
         }
     }
@@ -138,6 +152,20 @@ impl Request {
                             }
                         };
                 }
+                "--force-state" => {
+                    // 三档词与产品 bin 同一套（`cli.rs` 的 `--force-state`），报错文案也照抄。
+                    request.force_state =
+                        Some(match take(&mut args, inline, "--force-state")?.as_str() {
+                            "rest" => Interaction::Enabled,
+                            "hover" => Interaction::Hovered,
+                            "pressed" => Interaction::Pressed,
+                            other => {
+                                return Err(format!(
+                                    "--force-state 只认 rest|hover|pressed，收到 {other:?}"
+                                ))
+                            }
+                        });
+                }
                 "--passthrough" => {
                     passthrough = Some(match take(&mut args, inline, "--passthrough")?.as_str() {
                         "on" => true,
@@ -183,7 +211,7 @@ impl Request {
         Ok(request)
     }
 
-    /// 出图文件名片段（`<screen>[-real]-<class>-<flavor>-w<宽>`，归档用）。
+    /// 出图文件名片段（`<screen>[-real][-hover|-pressed]-<class>-<flavor>-w<宽>`，归档用）。
     pub fn slug(&self) -> String {
         let class = WidthClass::of(self.width);
         let flavor = if self.flavor.is_dark() {
@@ -198,6 +226,13 @@ impl Request {
         } else {
             self.screen.slug().to_owned()
         };
+        // 强制态也进文件名（`-hover` / `-pressed`）：同一屏在两个 forced 下是**两张不同的证据图**，
+        // 归档里必须能分开（与 `-real` 同一条理由）。`rest` / 不给 = 不加后缀 ⇒ 既有文件名逐字不变。
+        let screen = match self.force_state {
+            Some(Interaction::Hovered) => format!("{screen}-hover"),
+            Some(Interaction::Pressed) => format!("{screen}-pressed"),
+            _ => screen,
+        };
         format!("{screen}-{}-{flavor}-w{width}", class.name())
     }
 }
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/mod.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/mod.rs
index dbd6b66..76163e9 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/mod.rs
@@ -282,7 +282,9 @@ fn body<'a>(
             content::view(ui, metrics, &model.content, model.lang, model.window_height)
         }
         // M159：设置页「更新」组要画 presenter 的更新快照（不在 `States` 里，理由见该组文档）。
-        Screen::Settings => settings::view(ui, metrics, states, language, &model.update),
+        Screen::Settings => {
+            settings::view(ui, metrics, states, language, &model.update, model.forced)
+        }
         Screen::Logs => logs::view(ui, metrics, &model.logs, model.lang),
     };
 
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/ai/view.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/ai/view.rs
index 542ea6f..96ebaab 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/ai/view.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/ai/view.rs
@@ -24,11 +24,12 @@ use unlucky_i18n::{Catalog, Key, Lang};
 
 use crate::app::components::buttons::{self, Button};
 use crate::app::components::inputs::{text_field, Field, FieldVariant};
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::app::components::selection::{chip, switch, Chip, Switch};
 use crate::pages::frame::{card, divider, text_role_owned};
 use crate::pages::settings::ai::outcome::ProbeKind;
 use crate::pages::settings::ai::state::{Probe, ProviderId, SaveNotice, Secret, State, Status};
-use crate::pages::settings::{ai_about, GroupMessage, States};
+use crate::pages::settings::{ai_about, forced_button, GroupMessage, States};
 use crate::pages::Message;
 use crate::theme::Ui;
 
@@ -38,11 +39,21 @@ fn msg(message: ai_about::Message) -> Message {
 }
 
 /// 一张卡片（`pages::settings::form` 按下标把 `Lang` 递进来，见 `settings/mod.rs`）。
-pub(crate) fn body<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, states: States<'a>, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Message> {
-    body_of(ui, &states.groups.ai_about, lang)
+pub(crate) fn body<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    states: States<'a>,
+    lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+    body_of(ui, &states.groups.ai_about, lang, forced)
 }
 
-fn body_of<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, state: &'a State, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+fn body_of<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    state: &'a State,
+    lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let catalog = lang.catalog();
     let mut stacked = column![].spacing(ui.space(Space::X2)).width(Length::Fill);
 
@@ -56,7 +67,7 @@ fn body_of<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, state: &'a State, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Message>
     stacked = stacked.push(model_field(ui, catalog, state));
     stacked = stacked.push(key_field(ui, catalog, state));
     stacked = stacked.push(divider(ui));
-    stacked = stacked.push(actions_row(ui, catalog, state));
+    stacked = stacked.push(actions_row(ui, catalog, state, forced));
     stacked = stacked.push(hint_line(ui, catalog, state));
 
     if let Some(notice) = &state.notice {
@@ -267,10 +278,21 @@ fn key_field<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, state: &'a State) -> Element<'a,
     .into()
 }
 
-fn actions_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, state: &State) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+fn actions_row<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    catalog: Catalog,
+    state: &State,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let save_label = catalog.text(Key::SettingsAiSave);
     let save = if state.dirty && state.storage {
-        buttons::filled(ui, Button::new(save_label, msg(ai_about::Message::Save)))
+        buttons::filled(
+            ui,
+            forced_button(
+                Button::new(save_label, msg(ai_about::Message::Save)),
+                forced,
+            ),
+        )
     } else {
         buttons::filled(ui, Button::disabled(save_label))
     };
@@ -281,7 +303,13 @@ fn actions_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, state: &State) -> Element<'a, M
         catalog.text(Key::SettingsAiTest)
     };
     let test = if state.can_test() {
-        buttons::tonal(ui, Button::new(test_label, msg(ai_about::Message::Test)))
+        buttons::tonal(
+            ui,
+            forced_button(
+                Button::new(test_label, msg(ai_about::Message::Test)),
+                forced,
+            ),
+        )
     } else {
         buttons::tonal(ui, Button::disabled(test_label))
     };
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/appearance.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/appearance.rs
index ba2214c..f17f036 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/appearance.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/appearance.rs
@@ -19,6 +19,7 @@ use iced::Element;
 use unlucky_design::icons::IconKind;
 use unlucky_i18n::Lang;
 
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::theme::Ui;
 
 use super::{Group, Message, States};
@@ -39,9 +40,15 @@ pub(super) const GROUP: Group = Group {
 
 /// 本组的真控件渲染器：有外观状态就画真控件（M93），没有（harness）返回 `None`。
 ///
-/// `lang` 一路递给 `pages::appearance::section`——它是这一组唯一知道「界面现在是什么语言」的东西。
-fn body<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, states: States<'a>, lang: Lang) -> Option<Element<'a, Message>> {
+/// `lang` 一路递给 `pages::appearance::section`——它是这一组唯一知道「界面现在是什么语言」的东西；
+/// `forced`（`--force-state`，M285）同样一路递下去，由 `section` 分给各段控件。
+fn body<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    states: States<'a>,
+    lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Option<Element<'a, Message>> {
     states
         .appearance
-        .map(|state| crate::pages::appearance::section(ui, state, lang))
+        .map(|state| crate::pages::appearance::section(ui, state, lang, forced))
 }
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/download.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/download.rs
index 87454b6..526be22 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/download.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/download.rs
@@ -59,6 +59,7 @@ use unlucky_presenter::dto::find_row;
 
 use crate::app::components::buttons::{self, Button};
 use crate::app::components::inputs::{text_field, Field, FieldVariant};
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::app::components::selection::{chip, switch, Chip, Switch};
 use crate::pages::frame::text_role_owned;
 use crate::pages::Message as PageMessage;
@@ -69,6 +70,9 @@ use super::{Group, States};
 
 /// Downloads 分组。
 ///
+/// `body` 的 `_forced`（`--force-state`，M285）**接住不用**：本组控件是 `components::selection`
+/// 的 `chip` / `switch` 与 `Field`，components 层没有 forced 开口。留形参只为 `Group.body` 只有一个签名。
+///
 /// `rows` 只在**没有快照**时画（harness / 首帧）：它们是语义行（出厂值 / 区间 / 三态），
 /// 不是当前值——M193 用户的投诉正是「把演示值当成了真值」。
 pub(super) const GROUP: Group = Group {
@@ -179,7 +183,12 @@ fn msg(message: Message) -> PageMessage {
 ///
 /// 为什么不给 [`block`] 加 padding：那会把卡片的**第一行顶距**也撑开（卡内边距 20 + 12），与其它四组
 /// 的第一行不再对齐；`spacing` 只作用在子节点之间，首行顶距与末行底距仍是卡片的 20。
-fn body<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, states: States<'a>, lang: Lang) -> Option<Element<'a, PageMessage>> {
+fn body<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    states: States<'a>,
+    lang: Lang,
+    _forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Option<Element<'a, PageMessage>> {
     let group = state_group(&states)?;
     let drafts = &states.groups.download;
     let catalog = lang.catalog();
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/frame.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/frame.rs
index 106b78b..7d19e8d 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/frame.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/frame.rs
@@ -372,8 +372,9 @@ mod no_stray_empty_state {
     fn the_form_holds_exactly_one_column_per_group() {
         let ui = ui();
         let update = Update::default();
+        let language = Language::default();
 
-        let narrow = section_columns(&ui, None, states(), Language::default(), &update);
+        let narrow = section_columns(&ui, None, states(), language, &update, None);
         assert_eq!(
             narrow.len(),
             GROUPS.len(),
@@ -381,7 +382,7 @@ mod no_stray_empty_state {
         );
 
         for index in 0..GROUPS.len() {
-            let single = section_columns(&ui, Some(index), states(), Language::default(), &update);
+            let single = section_columns(&ui, Some(index), states(), language, &update, None);
             assert_eq!(
                 single.len(),
                 1,
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general.rs
index de136a8..0b6d03a 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general.rs
@@ -38,20 +38,16 @@
 //!
 //! 分组元数据只有一份（这里的 [`GROUP`]）：`settings/mod.rs` 的 `GROUPS` 直接引用它。
 
-use iced::border::Radius;
-use iced::widget::{button, column, container, row};
-use iced::{
-    Alignment, Background, Border, Color, Element, Length, Padding, Shadow, Theme as IcedTheme,
-};
+use iced::widget::{column, container, row};
+use iced::{Alignment, Element, Length, Padding};
 
 use unlucky_design::color::Role;
 use unlucky_design::icons::IconKind;
 use unlucky_design::spacing::Space;
 use unlucky_design::typography::TypeRole;
 use unlucky_i18n::catalog::Key;
-use unlucky_i18n::LangChoice;
 
-use crate::app::components::interaction::{self, Interaction};
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::fonts::install::{CjkInstall, FetchClass};
 use crate::pages::{frame, Language, Message};
 use crate::theme::Ui;
@@ -59,6 +55,7 @@ use crate::theme::Ui;
 use super::frame::{card, divider};
 use super::{Group, States};
 
+mod language;
 mod theme;
 
 /// General 分组（左列名固定英文：左列是**导航**，与导航轨同源，不进 catalog）。
@@ -76,10 +73,17 @@ pub(super) const GROUP: Group = Group {
 };
 
 /// 这一组的正文（**产品路径**）。
-pub(super) fn body<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, states: States<'a>, language: Language) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+///
+/// `forced` 是 `--force-state`（M285）：本组只有语言行 / 主题行 / 日志行三处有可交互控件，三处都往下递。
+pub(super) fn body<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    states: States<'a>,
+    language: Language,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let catalog = language.effective.catalog();
     let mut stacked = column![].spacing(0.0).width(Length::Fill);
-    stacked = stacked.push(language_row(ui, language));
+    stacked = stacked.push(language::view(ui, language, forced));
     // M168（D28 后半）：中文字体的下载状态行。紧贴语言行——用户在这里手选中文，反馈就该在这行下面，
     // 而不是等他切到别的页面才发现「刚才那几秒在干嘛」。
     stacked = stacked.push(divider(ui));
@@ -92,12 +96,13 @@ pub(super) fn body<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, states: States<'a>, language: Language) -> El
         ui,
         &catalog,
         states.groups.language_appearance.theme,
+        forced,
     ));
 
     // M188：日志文件夹（路径 + 打开 + 复制路径）。放在「启动页/关闭按钮」之前——用户投诉
     // 「找不到崩溃日志」要的答案，不该埋在只读行后面。
     stacked = stacked.push(divider(ui));
-    stacked = stacked.push(super::logs_row::folder_row(ui, &catalog));
+    stacked = stacked.push(super::logs_row::folder_row(ui, &catalog, forced));
 
     // 启动页 / 关闭按钮：还没有后端，只读；文案已经进 catalog。
     for (label, value) in [
@@ -215,66 +220,6 @@ fn font_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, language: Language) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     stacked.into()
 }
 
-/// 语言行：标题 + 生效语言回显 + 三档互斥按钮 + 一句说明。
-fn language_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, language: Language) -> Element<'a, Message> {
-    let catalog = language.effective.catalog();
-    let effective = LangChoice::Fixed(language.effective).label_key();
-
-    let head = row![
-        container(frame::text_role(
-            ui,
-            TypeRole::BodyMedium,
-            false,
-            catalog.text(Key::SettingsLanguage),
-            ui.color(Role::OnSurface),
-        ))
-        .width(Length::Fill)
-        .align_y(Alignment::Center),
-        frame::text_role_owned(
-            ui,
-            TypeRole::LabelLarge,
-            true,
-            catalog.render(
-                Key::SettingsLanguageEffective,
-                &[("language", catalog.text(effective))],
-            ),
-            ui.color(Role::OnPrimaryFixedVariant),
-        ),
-    ]
-    .width(Length::Fill)
-    .align_y(Alignment::Center);
-
-    let chips = row(LangChoice::ALL
-        .iter()
-        .map(|choice| {
-            chip(
-                ui,
-                catalog.text(choice.label_key()),
-                *choice == language.choice,
-                *choice,
-            )
-        })
-        .collect::<Vec<_>>())
-    .spacing(ui.space(Space::X1))
-    .align_y(Alignment::Center);
-
-    column![
-        head,
-        chips,
-        frame::text_role(
-            ui,
-            TypeRole::BodySmall,
-            false,
-            catalog.text(Key::SettingsLanguageHint),
-            ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant),
-        ),
-    ]
-    .spacing(ui.space(Space::X1))
-    .width(Length::Fill)
-    .padding(Padding::from([ui.space(Space::X2), 0.0]))
-    .into()
-}
-
 /// 一个只读的「标签 + 取值」行（与 `frame::demo_card` 的一行同高同排版）。
 fn setting_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, label: &'a str, value: &'a str) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let height = ui.metrics().control_height + Space::X2.dp();
@@ -302,89 +247,3 @@ fn setting_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, label: &'a str, value: &'a str) -> Element<'a, Me
     .align_y(Alignment::Center)
     .into()
 }
-
-/// 一个互斥按钮（选中态 `SecondaryContainer`，未选中透明 + `OnSurfaceVariant`）。
-///
-/// 与 `pages/appearance/section/mod.rs` 的 `choice` 同款几何，但文案来自 catalog（那份是英文基线）。
-///
-/// **几何（M229）**：取规格卡的 chip（高 32、圆角 8、内距 16、未选中 1px `OutlineVariant`），
-/// 与同屏的主题三档 chips 完全同源——两行都是「并排的互斥筛选」，长得不一样会让读者以为是
-/// 两种控件（M229 第一版就是这样：语言 40 高药丸、主题 32 高方角，出图一眼就不齐）。
-fn chip<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, text: &'a str, selected: bool, choice: LangChoice) -> Element<'a, Message> {
-    let box_ = unlucky_design::inkcat::metrics::CHIP;
-    let height = box_.height;
-    let content_color = if selected {
-        ui.color(Role::OnSecondaryContainer)
-    } else {
-        ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant)
-    };
-    let border_color = ui.color(Role::OutlineVariant);
-    let stroke = crate::theme::STROKE_PX;
-    let radius = ui.radius(box_.shape, height);
-
-    button(
-        container(frame::text_role(
-            ui,
-            TypeRole::LabelLarge,
-            selected,
-            text,
-            content_color,
-        ))
-        .align_y(Alignment::Center),
-    )
-    .height(height)
-    .padding(Padding::from([
-        0.0,
-        unlucky_design::inkcat::metrics::CHIP_PAD_X,
-    ]))
-    .style(chip_style(
-        ui,
-        selected,
-        content_color,
-        border_color,
-        stroke,
-        radius,
-    ))
-    .on_press(Message::Language(choice))
-    .into()
-}
-
-/// [`chip`] 的样式闭包（抽成自由函数：单测要**直接**喂 `Hovered` / `Pressed` 两态）。
-///
-/// - **α 只从 [`Interaction`] 来**：hover 8% / pressed 10%（M3）。M284 之前两种态合并成一条
-///   `matches!(status, Hovered | Pressed)` 分支、都叠 `StateLayer::Hover`，按下于是被压成 8%；
-/// - **合成底是 [`frame::BASE`]**（M237：这一组住在 `frame::card` 里，状态层叠卡底而不是画布）。
-fn chip_style<'a>(
-    ui: &'a Ui,
-    selected: bool,
-    content_color: Color,
-    border_color: Color,
-    stroke: f32,
-    radius: Radius,
-) -> impl Fn(&IcedTheme, button::Status) -> button::Style + 'a {
-    move |_theme, status| {
-        let background = if selected {
-            Some(Background::Color(ui.color(Role::SecondaryContainer)))
-        } else {
-            interaction::layer_color(
-                ui,
-                Interaction::from_status(status),
-                Role::OnSurface,
-                frame::BASE.role(),
-            )
-            .map(Background::Color)
-        };
-
-        button::Style {
-            background,
-            text_color: content_color,
-            border: Border {
-                color: border_color,
-                width: if selected { 0.0 } else { stroke },
-                radius,
-            },
-            shadow: Shadow::default(),
-            snap: true,
-        }
-    }
-}
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general/language.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general/language.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..5d1980e
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general/language.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,186 @@
+//! 设置页 General 组的**语言行**（M285 `LANGSET`：从 `general.rs` 纯搬移）。
+//!
+//! 搬出来的理由只有行数：`general.rs` 390 行、撞 400 行硬线（`components/gate.rs`），
+//! 而 M285 要给这一行的三枚互斥按钮接 `forced: Option<Interaction>`（`--force-state` 直通）。
+//! 切法与 [`super::theme`] 完全同构——**一个行控件一个文件**：正文 [`view`] + 它的 [`chip`]
+//! + [`chip_style`]（样式闭包抽成自由函数，单测才能直接喂 `Hovered` / `Pressed` 两态）。
+//!
+//! 搬移是逐字搬的：三个函数的语句、注释一个字没动。
+
+use iced::border::Radius;
+use iced::widget::{button, column, container, row};
+use iced::{
+    Alignment, Background, Border, Color, Element, Length, Padding, Shadow, Theme as IcedTheme,
+};
+
+use unlucky_design::color::Role;
+use unlucky_design::spacing::Space;
+use unlucky_design::typography::TypeRole;
+use unlucky_i18n::catalog::Key;
+use unlucky_i18n::LangChoice;
+
+use crate::app::components::interaction::{self, Interaction};
+use crate::pages::{frame, Language, Message};
+use crate::theme::Ui;
+
+/// 语言行：标题 + 生效语言回显 + 三档互斥按钮 + 一句说明。
+pub(super) fn view<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    language: Language,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+    let catalog = language.effective.catalog();
+    let effective = LangChoice::Fixed(language.effective).label_key();
+
+    let head = row![
+        container(frame::text_role(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::BodyMedium,
+            false,
+            catalog.text(Key::SettingsLanguage),
+            ui.color(Role::OnSurface),
+        ))
+        .width(Length::Fill)
+        .align_y(Alignment::Center),
+        frame::text_role_owned(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::LabelLarge,
+            true,
+            catalog.render(
+                Key::SettingsLanguageEffective,
+                &[("language", catalog.text(effective))],
+            ),
+            ui.color(Role::OnPrimaryFixedVariant),
+        ),
+    ]
+    .width(Length::Fill)
+    .align_y(Alignment::Center);
+
+    let chips = row(LangChoice::ALL
+        .iter()
+        .map(|choice| {
+            chip(
+                ui,
+                catalog.text(choice.label_key()),
+                *choice == language.choice,
+                *choice,
+                forced,
+            )
+        })
+        .collect::<Vec<_>>())
+    .spacing(ui.space(Space::X1))
+    .align_y(Alignment::Center);
+
+    column![
+        head,
+        chips,
+        frame::text_role(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::BodySmall,
+            false,
+            catalog.text(Key::SettingsLanguageHint),
+            ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant),
+        ),
+    ]
+    .spacing(ui.space(Space::X1))
+    .width(Length::Fill)
+    .padding(Padding::from([ui.space(Space::X2), 0.0]))
+    .into()
+}
+
+/// 一个互斥按钮（选中态 `SecondaryContainer`，未选中透明 + `OnSurfaceVariant`）。
+///
+/// 与 `pages/appearance/section/mod.rs` 的 `choice` 同款几何，但文案来自 catalog（那份是英文基线）。
+///
+/// **几何（M229）**：取规格卡的 chip（高 32、圆角 8、内距 16、未选中 1px `OutlineVariant`），
+/// 与同屏的主题三档 chips 完全同源——两行都是「并排的互斥筛选」，长得不一样会让读者以为是
+/// 两种控件（M229 第一版就是这样：语言 40 高药丸、主题 32 高方角，出图一眼就不齐）。
+fn chip<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    text: &'a str,
+    selected: bool,
+    choice: LangChoice,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+    let box_ = unlucky_design::inkcat::metrics::CHIP;
+    let height = box_.height;
+    let content_color = if selected {
+        ui.color(Role::OnSecondaryContainer)
+    } else {
+        ui.color(Role::OnSurfaceVariant)
+    };
+    let border_color = ui.color(Role::OutlineVariant);
+    let stroke = crate::theme::STROKE_PX;
+    let radius = ui.radius(box_.shape, height);
+
+    button(
+        container(frame::text_role(
+            ui,
+            TypeRole::LabelLarge,
+            selected,
+            text,
+            content_color,
+        ))
+        .align_y(Alignment::Center),
+    )
+    .height(height)
+    .padding(Padding::from([
+        0.0,
+        unlucky_design::inkcat::metrics::CHIP_PAD_X,
+    ]))
+    .style(chip_style(
+        ui,
+        selected,
+        content_color,
+        border_color,
+        stroke,
+        radius,
+        forced,
+    ))
+    .on_press(Message::Language(choice))
+    .into()
+}
+
+/// [`chip`] 的样式闭包（抽成自由函数：单测要**直接**喂 `Hovered` / `Pressed` 两态）。
+///
+/// `forced`（M285）是 `--force-state` 的落点，交给 `settings::resolve_state`（全仓唯一的 resolve 点）；
+/// `None` 时行为与 M285 之前逐字节相同。`pub(super)` 是因为 `general/theme.rs` 的单测要直接喂它。
+///
+/// - **α 只从 [`Interaction`] 来**：hover 8% / pressed 10%（M3）。M284 之前两种态合并成一条
+///   `matches!(status, Hovered | Pressed)` 分支、都叠 `StateLayer::Hover`，按下于是被压成 8%；
+/// - **合成底是 [`frame::BASE`]**（M237：这一组住在 `frame::card` 里，状态层叠卡底而不是画布）。
+pub(super) fn chip_style<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    selected: bool,
+    content_color: Color,
+    border_color: Color,
+    stroke: f32,
+    radius: Radius,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> impl Fn(&IcedTheme, button::Status) -> button::Style + 'a {
+    move |_theme, status| {
+        let background = if selected {
+            Some(Background::Color(ui.color(Role::SecondaryContainer)))
+        } else {
+            interaction::layer_color(
+                ui,
+                crate::pages::settings::resolve_state(forced, status),
+                Role::OnSurface,
+                frame::BASE.role(),
+            )
+            .map(Background::Color)
+        };
+
+        button::Style {
+            background,
+            text_color: content_color,
+            border: Border {
+                color: border_color,
+                width: if selected { 0.0 } else { stroke },
+                radius,
+            },
+            shadow: Shadow::default(),
+            snap: true,
+        }
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general/theme.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general/theme.rs
index 18611f9..2ef5c07 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general/theme.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/general/theme.rs
@@ -31,7 +31,14 @@ use crate::theme::Ui;
 pub(super) const THEME_MODES: [ThemeMode; 3] = [ThemeMode::Dark, ThemeMode::Light, ThemeMode::Auto];
 
 /// 主题行：标题 + 三档互斥 chip + 一句说明（排版与语言行同族）。
-pub(super) fn view<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: &Catalog, mode: ThemeMode) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+///
+/// `forced`（M285）只往下递给 chip：`None` = 按观测态画（产品路径的常态）。
+pub(super) fn view<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    catalog: &Catalog,
+    mode: ThemeMode,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let head = row![
         container(frame::text_role(
             ui,
@@ -61,6 +68,7 @@ pub(super) fn view<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: &Catalog, mode: ThemeMode) -> Elemen
                 catalog.text(mode_label(*choice)),
                 *choice == mode,
                 *choice,
+                forced,
             )
         })
         .collect::<Vec<_>>())
@@ -97,7 +105,13 @@ fn mode_label(mode: ThemeMode) -> Key {
 ///
 /// 几何取规格卡的 chip（高 32、圆角 8，`inkcat::metrics::CHIP`）：主题三档是**可并排的筛选**，
 /// 不是主行动按钮，用 chip 档比语言行那枚 40 高药丸更贴规格卡。
-fn chip<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, text: &'a str, selected: bool, mode: ThemeMode) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+fn chip<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    text: &'a str,
+    selected: bool,
+    mode: ThemeMode,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let box_ = chipbox::CHIP;
     let height = box_.height;
     let content_color = if selected {
@@ -128,6 +142,7 @@ fn chip<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, text: &'a str, selected: bool, mode: ThemeMode) -> Eleme
         border_color,
         stroke,
         radius,
+        forced,
     ))
     .on_press(Message::Theme(mode))
     .into()
@@ -145,6 +160,7 @@ fn chip_style<'a>(
     border_color: Color,
     stroke: f32,
     radius: Radius,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
 ) -> impl Fn(&IcedTheme, button::Status) -> button::Style + 'a {
     move |_theme, status| {
         let background = if selected {
@@ -152,7 +168,7 @@ fn chip_style<'a>(
         } else {
             interaction::layer_color(
                 ui,
-                Interaction::from_status(status),
+                crate::pages::settings::resolve_state(forced, status),
                 Role::OnSurface,
                 frame::BASE.role(),
             )
@@ -254,17 +270,19 @@ mod tests {
                 ui.color(Role::OutlineVariant),
                 crate::theme::STROKE_PX,
                 ui.radius(chipbox::CHIP.shape, chipbox::CHIP.height),
+                None,
             ),
         );
     }
 
     /// **语言行那枚 chip**（`general::chip` 的 `chip_style`）同理：hover 8% / pressed 10%。
     ///
-    /// 为什么这条断言住在 `theme.rs` 而不是 `general.rs`：后者已经 389 行（硬线 400），而
-    /// `general` 的私有项对子模块可见（Rust 的可见性包含后代模块），搬过来不用加 `pub`。
+    /// 为什么这条断言住在 `theme.rs` 而不是语言行自己的文件：M285 起语言行在
+    /// `general/language.rs`，它的 `chip_style` 声明成 `pub(super)`（`general` 子树可见），
+    /// 所以这里不必把它抬成 crate 面。
     #[test]
     fn the_language_chip_draws_pressed_darker_than_hover() {
-        use super::super::chip_style as language_chip_style;
+        use super::super::language::chip_style as language_chip_style;
 
         let ui = ui();
         assert_two_layers(
@@ -276,6 +294,7 @@ mod tests {
                 ui.color(Role::OutlineVariant),
                 crate::theme::STROKE_PX,
                 ui.radius(chipbox::CHIP.shape, chipbox::CHIP.height),
+                None,
             ),
         );
     }
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/java/view.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/java/view.rs
index 25b445f..56e8ca2 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/java/view.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/java/view.rs
@@ -24,6 +24,7 @@ use unlucky_design::typography::TypeRole;
 use unlucky_i18n::{Catalog, Key, Lang};
 
 use crate::app::components::buttons::{self, Button};
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::app::components::selection::{chip, Chip};
 use crate::pages::frame::{card, divider, text_role_owned, BASE};
 use crate::pages::Message;
@@ -32,7 +33,7 @@ use crate::theme::Ui;
 use super::fields::{actions_row, add_row, hint_line, jvm_field, memory_field, notice_line};
 use super::state::{Progress, RuntimeRow, State};
 use super::Message as JavaMessage;
-use crate::pages::settings::{GroupMessage, States};
+use crate::pages::settings::{forced_button, GroupMessage, States};
 
 /// 一条本组消息 → 页面消息。
 pub(super) fn msg(message: JavaMessage) -> Message {
@@ -40,15 +41,25 @@ pub(super) fn msg(message: JavaMessage) -> Message {
 }
 
 /// 一张卡片（`pages::settings::form` 按下标把 `Lang` 递进来）。
-pub(crate) fn body<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, states: States<'a>, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Message> {
-    body_of(ui, &states.groups.java, lang)
+pub(crate) fn body<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    states: States<'a>,
+    lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+    body_of(ui, &states.groups.java, lang, forced)
 }
 
-fn body_of<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, state: &'a State, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+fn body_of<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    state: &'a State,
+    lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let catalog = lang.catalog();
     let mut stacked = column![].spacing(ui.space(Space::X2)).width(Length::Fill);
 
-    stacked = stacked.push(status_row(ui, catalog, state));
+    stacked = stacked.push(status_row(ui, catalog, state, forced));
     stacked = stacked.push(divider(ui));
     stacked = stacked.push(runtime_list(ui, catalog, state));
     stacked = stacked.push(divider(ui));
@@ -77,7 +88,12 @@ fn body_of<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, state: &'a State, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Message>
 ///
 /// 「取消」的语义（r1 复审 P2-5）：按下之后到线程真退出之间，界面显示的是**正在取消…**，
 /// 「立即扫描」保持禁用——否则用户能在旧线程还活着的时候起第二个。
-fn status_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, state: &State) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+fn status_row<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    catalog: Catalog,
+    state: &State,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let (text, scanning) = match (state.scanning, state.scanned) {
         (Some(_), _) if state.cancelled => {
             (catalog.text(Key::SettingsJavaCancelling).to_string(), true)
@@ -121,16 +137,22 @@ fn status_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, state: &State) -> Element<'a, Me
     } else {
         buttons::filled(
             ui,
-            Button::new(scan_label, msg(JavaMessage::Scan)).base(BASE),
+            forced_button(
+                Button::new(scan_label, msg(JavaMessage::Scan)).base(BASE),
+                forced,
+            ),
         )
     };
     // 已经按过取消（线程还没退出）时，「取消」也灰掉：再按一次没有任何意义。
     let cancel = buttons::tonal(
         ui,
         if scanning && !state.cancelled {
-            Button::new(
-                catalog.text(Key::SettingsJavaCancel),
-                msg(JavaMessage::CancelScan),
+            forced_button(
+                Button::new(
+                    catalog.text(Key::SettingsJavaCancel),
+                    msg(JavaMessage::CancelScan),
+                ),
+                forced,
             )
         } else {
             Button::disabled(catalog.text(Key::SettingsJavaCancel))
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/logs_row.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/logs_row.rs
index d006c90..9ccd413 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/logs_row.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/logs_row.rs
@@ -29,7 +29,11 @@ use crate::pages::{frame, Action, Message};
 use crate::theme::Ui;
 
 /// 这一行（竖排：标签 / 路径 / 两个按钮 / 一句说明）。
-pub(super) fn folder_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: &Catalog) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+pub(super) fn folder_row<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    catalog: &Catalog,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let path = crate::app::logs_folder::logs_dir()
         .map(|dir| dir.display().to_string())
         .unwrap_or_else(|| catalog.text(Key::SettingsLogsUnknown).to_string());
@@ -40,11 +44,13 @@ pub(super) fn folder_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: &Catalog) -> Element<'a, Messa
             ui,
             catalog.text(Key::LogsOpenFolder),
             Message::Action(Action::OpenLogs),
+            forced,
         ),
         action_button(
             ui,
             catalog.text(Key::SettingsLogsCopy),
             Message::CopySummary(path.clone()),
+            forced,
         ),
     ]
     .spacing(ui.space(Space::X2))
@@ -97,7 +103,12 @@ fn frame_text_owned<'a>(
 }
 
 /// 描边小按钮（与设置页其他「次级动作」同款：透明底、hover 出状态层、全圆角）。
-fn action_button<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, label: &'a str, message: Message) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+fn action_button<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    label: &'a str,
+    message: Message,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let height = ui.metrics().control_height;
     let content = ui.color(Role::OnSurface);
     let outline = ui.color(Role::OutlineVariant);
@@ -107,7 +118,7 @@ fn action_button<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, label: &'a str, message: Message) -> Element<'a
     )
     .height(height)
     .padding(Padding::from([0.0, ui.space(Space::X3)]))
-    .style(action_style(ui, content, outline, radius))
+    .style(action_style(ui, content, outline, radius, forced))
     .on_press(message)
     .into()
 }
@@ -122,11 +133,12 @@ fn action_style<'a>(
     content: Color,
     outline: Color,
     radius: Radius,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
 ) -> impl Fn(&IcedTheme, button::Status) -> button::Style + 'a {
     move |_theme, status| {
         let background = interaction::layer_color(
             ui,
-            Interaction::from_status(status),
+            crate::pages::settings::resolve_state(forced, status),
             Role::OnSurface,
             frame::BASE.role(),
         )
@@ -189,6 +201,7 @@ mod tests {
             ui.color(Role::OnSurface),
             ui.color(Role::OutlineVariant),
             ui.radius(ShapeScale::Full, ui.metrics().control_height),
+            None,
         );
         let theme = ui.theme();
         let hover = solid(style(&theme, button::Status::Hovered));
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/mod.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/mod.rs
index ff25f01..0dad606 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/mod.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/mod.rs
@@ -138,6 +138,7 @@ pub(crate) mod java;
 pub(crate) mod language_appearance;
 mod logs_row;
 mod message;
+mod registry;
 mod state;
 pub(crate) mod update;
 
@@ -147,21 +148,51 @@ mod tests;
 pub use message::GroupMessage;
 pub use state::{demo_groups, Groups, States};
 
-use iced::widget::column;
+use iced::widget::{button, column};
 use iced::{Element, Length};
 
 use unlucky_design::color::Role;
-use unlucky_design::icons::IconKind;
 use unlucky_design::spacing::Space;
 use unlucky_design::typography::TypeRole;
 use unlucky_i18n::{Lang, LangChoice};
 
+use crate::app::components::buttons::Button;
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::theme::Ui;
 
 use super::layout::{FrameMetrics, PageLayout};
 use super::update::Update;
 use super::Message;
 
+pub(super) use registry::Group;
+use registry::{AI_GROUP, GENERAL_GROUP, GROUPS, GROUP_LABELS, JAVA_GROUP, SELECTED, UPDATE_GROUP};
+
+/// 这一帧某个控件**实际要画**的交互态：`forced`（`--force-state`）优先，否则退回观测到的 `status`。
+///
+/// **全仓唯一的 resolve 点（M285）**：语言档 / 主题档 / 日志 `action_button` / 外观 `choice` 一律调它
+/// ——各自再写一遍 `unwrap_or_else` 就是把同一行语义复制四份，下次只改三处就等着漂。语义与
+/// `pages/instances.rs` 的 `forced_state` 相同（`Some` 覆盖、`None` 不动），只是裸 `iced::button` 没有
+/// `.state()`，覆盖只能发生在样式闭包**里面**（换掉它拿到的那一态）。
+pub(super) fn resolve_state(forced: Option<Interaction>, status: button::Status) -> Interaction {
+    forced.unwrap_or_else(|| Interaction::from_status(status))
+}
+
+/// 把一个 `components::buttons::Button` 钉到 `forced` 那一态（`pages/instances.rs` 的 `forced_state`
+/// 在设置页的这一份）：`Some` ⇒ `.state(..)`，`None` ⇒ 原样返回。
+///
+/// ⚠️ **优先级是 `state` 赢**（`Button::forced()` = `self.state.or(没有消息 ⇒ Disabled)`，`state` 在前）
+/// ⇒ `forced_button(Button::disabled(..), Some(Hovered))` 会把禁用按钮**画成 hover**。今天 7 个站点都
+/// 写在**启用分支里**所以安全，**别**套到 `if..else` 外面。第二份不是抽象：三次法则到 2。
+pub(super) fn forced_button<'a, M>(
+    button: Button<'a, M>,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Button<'a, M> {
+    match forced {
+        Some(state) => button.state(state),
+        None => button,
+    }
+}
+
 /// 设置页 General 分组要的两件（M106）：用户选的档位 + 这一次生效的语言。
 ///
 /// 为什么不塞进 `pages::Model`：那是页面与 presenter 之间的**展示契约**（由快照派生），而档位是
@@ -187,103 +218,20 @@ impl Default for Language {
     }
 }
 
-/// 一个分组正文的**真控件渲染器**：入参是「画一帧时那份只读状态」（组状态 + 外观状态）
-/// 与**这一次生效的语言**，返回 `None` = 这一组现在没东西可画（例如外观分组在 harness 路径下
-/// 没有外观状态），由 [`form`] 退回演示行。
-///
-/// 各组自己的渲染器**定义在自己文件里**，签名是这一条：于是「这一组要读哪些状态」由它自己决定，
-/// 本文件不需要认识任何一组的字段（r1 复审 P1 要的正是这一点）。
-///
-/// `lang` 是 M179 加的：槽位此前拿不到语言，唯一挂了真控件的外观组只能写死英文；接进**唯一的那个
-/// 槽位**比再给 [`form`] 加一条按下标分发的 `else if` 更省行数（本文件贴着 400 行硬顶）。
-type Body = for<'a> fn(&'a Ui, States<'a>, Lang) -> Option<Element<'a, Message>>;
-
-/// 一个设置分组：名字、图标、演示行、（可选）把这一组正文画成真控件的渲染器。
-///
-/// 除 `name`/`icon`/`rows`/`body` 外没有别的字段：**分组自己的状态归分组自己**（见 [`state`]），
-/// 这里只装「怎么画」。
-struct Group {
-    /// 左列显示名（也是表单列的分组标题）。
-    name: &'static str,
-    /// 左列图标。
-    icon: IconKind,
-    /// 演示行（`body` 为 `None` 时画这些；harness 出图也靠它们）。
-    rows: &'static [(&'static str, &'static str)],
-    /// 真控件渲染器；`None` = 这一组还没接真控件，画 `rows`。
-    body: Option<Body>,
-}
-
-/// 分组注册表：**顺序 = 左列自上而下**，也是 `crate::pages::appearance::APPEARANCE_GROUP` 的下标来源。
-///
-/// 每一项都指向它自己文件里的 `GROUP`（M99 之前是四份字面量挤在本文件里）。
-const GROUPS: [Group; 6] = [
-    general::GROUP,
-    appearance::GROUP,
-    java::GROUP,
-    download::GROUP,
-    // M159：自更新只**追加**在末尾（插在中间会让 `APPEARANCE_GROUP` / `GENERAL_GROUP` 两个下标
-    // 全部失效，`tests/mod.rs` 的「左列顺序」那条也会红）。
-    update::GROUP,
-    // M174：助手（AI）配置。同样只追加（下标 = `ai_about::AI_GROUP`），正文走按下标分发。
-    ai_about::GROUP,
-];
-
-/// 演示选中的分组（没有真实外观状态时——`pages_demo` harness——用它）。
-const SELECTED: usize = 0;
-
-/// General 分组在 [`GROUPS`] 里的下标（0）。它与 [`SELECTED`] 同值**是巧合，不是依赖**。
-///
-/// 为什么需要它：语言行要的是「当前档位 + 生效语言」（[`Language`]），而 `Group.body` 只带
-/// [`States`] 与**生效语言**（`Lang`，M179）——档位 `LangChoice` 装不进去（`States` 也装不下：
-/// 加字段要动 `settings/state.rs` 与 4 处 struct literal，见本文件文档「仍然共享」第 4 条）。
-/// 所以这里做一次**按下标的分发**：代价是一行 `if`，换来 `general::GROUP.body` 仍是 `None`
-/// （`tests/mod.rs` 的「只有外观组带真控件 body」照样成立）。
-const GENERAL_GROUP: usize = 0;
-
-/// 左列分组的**显示名** key（下标与 [`GROUPS`] 一一对应，M106）。
-///
-/// 为什么不放进 [`Group`]：那会让另外三组的 `GROUP` 字面量（各自文件、各自填页线）编译不过——
-/// 与 [`GENERAL_GROUP`] 同一条理由。`Group.name` 因此退化为**id**（测试按它认组；显示走这张表）。
-pub(super) const GROUP_LABELS: [unlucky_i18n::Key; 6] = [
-    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupGeneral,
-    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupAppearance,
-    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupJava,
-    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupDownloads,
-    // M159
-    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupUpdate,
-    // M174
-    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupAssistant,
-];
-
-/// 「更新」分组在 [`GROUPS`] 里的下标（真源在 `settings/update.rs`，这里只转发）。
-///
-/// 与 [`GENERAL_GROUP`] 同一种做法：这一组要画的是 **presenter 快照**（不在 [`States`] 里），
-/// 所以由 `view` 的 `update` 形参一路递到下标的 [`form`] 分发点，`GROUP.body` 保持 `None`。
-const UPDATE_GROUP: usize = update::UPDATE_GROUP;
-
-/// 「助手（AI）」分组在 [`GROUPS`] 里的下标（真源在 `settings/ai_about.rs`，这里只转发）。
-///
-/// 与 [`GENERAL_GROUP`] / [`UPDATE_GROUP`] 同一条做法：由 `view` 的 `language` 形参递到 [`form`]
-/// 按本下标分发，`GROUP.body` 保持 `None`（本组**尚未**迁到 [`Body`] 槽位：槽位现在带 `Lang` 了，
-/// 迁它要把 `ai::view::body` 的返回值改成 `Option<Element>`，是一次独立重构——M179 不做）。
-const AI_GROUP: usize = ai_about::AI_GROUP;
-
-/// 「Java」分组在 [`GROUPS`] 里的下标（真源在 `settings/java.rs`，这里只转发）。
-///
-/// M175 起这一组也按下标分发：它要 `Lang`（中英文案）并且要读后台扫描的快照
-/// （扫描线程不碰 `App`，结论由心跳灌进 `Groups.java`，页面只从 [`States`] 里取）。
-const JAVA_GROUP: usize = java::JAVA_GROUP;
-
 /// 整页。
 ///
 /// `states` 是「画一帧时那份只读状态」：[`States::appearance`] 是 M93 接进来的外观运行期状态
 /// （`None` = harness / 演示路径，设置页仍画占位行），[`States::groups`] 是各组自己的状态。
+///
+/// `forced` 是 `pages::Model::forced`（`--force-state`，M285）：一路递给各组控件，由 [`resolve_state`]
+/// 决定「这一帧画哪一态」。`None` = 照旧按观测态画（产品路径恒为 `None`，取证启动除外）⇒ 默认逐字节不变。
 pub fn view<'a>(
     ui: &'a Ui,
     metrics: FrameMetrics,
     states: States<'a>,
     language: Language,
     update: &'a Update,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
 ) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     // 选中分组：有真实外观状态时看状态（点左列可切），否则退回演示值 0。
     let selected = states
@@ -296,10 +244,10 @@ pub fn view<'a>(
             frame::group_nav(ui, selected, language.effective),
             frame::left_aligned(
                 metrics.column,
-                form(ui, Some(selected), states, language, update),
+                form(ui, Some(selected), states, language, update, forced),
             ),
         ),
-        _ => frame::single_column(metrics, form(ui, None, states, language, update)),
+        _ => frame::single_column(metrics, form(ui, None, states, language, update, forced)),
     };
 
     frame::page(ui, metrics, frame::header(ui, language.effective), body)
@@ -324,10 +272,11 @@ fn form<'a>(
     states: States<'a>,
     language: Language,
     update: &'a Update,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
 ) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let mut stack = column![].spacing(ui.space(Space::X6)).width(Length::Fill);
 
-    for section in section_columns(ui, only, states, language, update) {
+    for section in section_columns(ui, only, states, language, update, forced) {
         stack = stack.push(section);
     }
 
@@ -342,6 +291,7 @@ fn section_columns<'a>(
     states: States<'a>,
     language: Language,
     update: &'a Update,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
 ) -> Vec<Element<'a, Message>> {
     let catalog = language.effective.catalog();
     let mut columns = Vec::new();
@@ -358,20 +308,20 @@ fn section_columns<'a>(
         // 档位与生效语言不在 [`States`] 里，只能从 `pages::Language` 进来；它与 `appearance` 在不在场
         // 无关（harness 那条路径也画得出真控件）。
         let card = if index == GENERAL_GROUP {
-            general::body(ui, states, language)
+            general::body(ui, states, language, forced)
         } else if index == UPDATE_GROUP {
             // M159：更新组读 presenter 快照（`view` 的 `update` 形参），与 General 同一条按下标分发。
-            update::body(ui, update, language.effective)
+            update::body(ui, update, language.effective, forced)
         } else if index == AI_GROUP {
             // M174：助手组要 i18n 文案与「测试连接」结论，与 General / Update 同一条按下标分发。
-            ai::view::body(ui, states, language.effective)
+            ai::view::body(ui, states, language.effective, forced)
         } else if index == JAVA_GROUP {
             // M175：Java 组要 i18n 文案 + 扫描快照，同样按下标分发（`GROUP.body` 保持 `None`）。
-            java::view::body(ui, states, language.effective)
+            java::view::body(ui, states, language.effective, forced)
         } else {
             group
                 .body
-                .and_then(|body| body(ui, states, language.effective))
+                .and_then(|body| body(ui, states, language.effective, forced))
                 .unwrap_or_else(|| frame::demo_card(ui, group.rows))
         };
 
@@ -397,3 +347,51 @@ fn section_columns<'a>(
 
     columns
 }
+
+#[cfg(test)]
+mod resolve_tests {
+    use super::*;
+
+    /// 两条语义各钉一次（M285）：`forced_button` 的 `Some` 钉态 / `None` 原样（**禁用态也会被 `state`
+    /// 盖掉**——`Button::forced()` 里 `state` 在 disabled 默认之前，钉住实际行为，别让站点踩）、
+    /// `resolve_state` 的 `Some` 覆盖观测 status / `None` 退回观测值。`Button::state` 没有 getter，
+    /// 所以断 derived Debug 的那一格。抓不住：按钮真画成那色（出图负责）、站点传错 forced（只有像素）。
+    #[test]
+    fn forced_button_forces_only_when_asked() {
+        let plain = Button::new("x", ());
+        let forced = format!(
+            "{:?}",
+            forced_button(plain.clone(), Some(Interaction::Hovered))
+        );
+        assert!(
+            forced.contains("state: Some(Hovered)"),
+            "forced 必须钉到那一态：{forced}"
+        );
+        let untouched = format!("{:?}", forced_button(plain, None));
+        assert!(
+            untouched.contains("state: None"),
+            "没给 forced 时必须原样返回：{untouched}"
+        );
+        // 禁用按钮同样会被钉态（`state` 覆盖 disabled 默认，类型层不挡）：
+        let disabled: Button<'_, ()> =
+            forced_button(Button::disabled("x"), Some(Interaction::Hovered));
+        assert!(
+            format!("{disabled:?}").contains("state: Some(Hovered)"),
+            "state 在 disabled 默认之前 ⇒ 禁用按钮也会被画成 hover/pressed"
+        );
+    }
+
+    #[test]
+    fn forced_state_wins_over_the_observed_status() {
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_state(Some(Interaction::Hovered), button::Status::Pressed),
+            Interaction::Hovered,
+            "forced 必须覆盖观测到的 status，否则 --force-state 在这四个控件上等于没接线"
+        );
+        assert_eq!(
+            resolve_state(None, button::Status::Pressed),
+            Interaction::Pressed,
+            "没给 forced 时必须退回观测值（既有行为不变）"
+        );
+    }
+}
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/registry.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/registry.rs
new file mode 100644
index 0000000..268bf40
--- /dev/null
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/registry.rs
@@ -0,0 +1,121 @@
+//! 设置页的**分组注册表**（M285 `GROUPSPLIT`：从 `settings/mod.rs` **纯搬移**）。
+//!
+//! 本文件只装「有哪些分组、怎么画一组」这一份数据：正文渲染器 [`Body`]、分组形状 [`Group`]、
+//! 顺序表 [`GROUPS`]、左列显示名 [`GROUP_LABELS`]，以及按下标分发用的那几个下标常量。
+//!
+//! ## 为什么切在这里
+//!
+//! `settings/mod.rs` 撞了 400 行硬线（`components/gate.rs`），而 M285 要给 [`Body`] 加一个
+//! `forced: Option<Interaction>` 形参（`--force-state` 直通，见 `settings::resolve_state`）。
+//! 切分按**语义**走，不按行数：`mod.rs` 留「整页 → 表单列 → 分组正文」这条流水线，本文件留
+//! 「分组是什么」。搬移是逐字搬的——除了声明前面的可见性标注（见下），语句一个字没动；注释里',
+//! 说的「本文件」仍指 `settings/mod.rs`（那些句子说的是**原来那个文件**的行数压力），别读成本文件。
+//!
+//! ## 可见性
+//!
+//! `registry` 是 `settings` 的**私有子模块**，所以这里写宽一点也出不去：[`Group`] / [`Body`] 是
+//! `pub(crate)`，因为 `settings/mod.rs` 要 `pub(super) use registry::Group`（E0365：再导出不能比原
+//! 声明更可见）；其余常量是 `pub(super)`，由 `mod.rs` 私有 `use` 进来，子模块仍按既有写法
+//! `super::GROUPS` / `super::GROUP_LABELS` 取用（私有 `use` 对后代模块可见）。
+
+use iced::Element;
+
+use unlucky_design::icons::IconKind;
+use unlucky_i18n::Lang;
+
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
+use crate::theme::Ui;
+
+use super::{ai_about, appearance, download, general, java, update, Message, States};
+
+/// 一个分组正文的**真控件渲染器**：入参是「画一帧时那份只读状态」（组状态 + 外观状态）
+/// 与**这一次生效的语言**，返回 `None` = 这一组现在没东西可画（例如外观分组在 harness 路径下
+/// 没有外观状态），由 [`super::form`] 退回演示行。
+///
+/// 各组自己的渲染器**定义在自己文件里**，签名是这一条：于是「这一组要读哪些状态」由它自己决定，
+/// 本文件不需要认识任何一组的字段（r1 复审 P1 要的正是这一点）。
+///
+/// `lang` 是 M179 加的：槽位此前拿不到语言，唯一挂了真控件的外观组只能写死英文；接进**唯一的那个
+/// 槽位**比再给 [`super::form`] 加一条按下标分发的 `else if` 更省行数（本文件贴着 400 行硬顶）。
+///
+/// `forced` 是 M285 加的（`pages::Model::forced`，即 `--force-state`）：`None` = 按控件自己的观测态画
+/// （产品路径的常态），`Some(..)` 只服务取证。站点拿它去调 [`super::resolve_state`]——那是全仓唯一的
+/// resolve 点，别在这里或各组里另写一遍。
+pub(crate) type Body =
+    for<'a> fn(&'a Ui, States<'a>, Lang, Option<Interaction>) -> Option<Element<'a, Message>>;
+
+/// 一个设置分组：名字、图标、演示行、（可选）把这一组正文画成真控件的渲染器。
+///
+/// 除 `name`/`icon`/`rows`/`body` 外没有别的字段：**分组自己的状态归分组自己**（见 [`super::state`]），
+/// 这里只装「怎么画」。
+pub(crate) struct Group {
+    /// 左列显示名（也是表单列的分组标题）。
+    pub(super) name: &'static str,
+    /// 左列图标。
+    pub(super) icon: IconKind,
+    /// 演示行（`body` 为 `None` 时画这些；harness 出图也靠它们）。
+    pub(super) rows: &'static [(&'static str, &'static str)],
+    /// 真控件渲染器；`None` = 这一组还没接真控件，画 `rows`。
+    pub(super) body: Option<Body>,
+}
+
+/// 分组注册表：**顺序 = 左列自上而下**，也是 `crate::pages::appearance::APPEARANCE_GROUP` 的下标来源。
+///
+/// 每一项都指向它自己文件里的 `GROUP`（M99 之前是四份字面量挤在本文件里）。
+pub(super) const GROUPS: [Group; 6] = [
+    general::GROUP,
+    appearance::GROUP,
+    java::GROUP,
+    download::GROUP,
+    // M159：自更新只**追加**在末尾（插在中间会让 `APPEARANCE_GROUP` / `GENERAL_GROUP` 两个下标
+    // 全部失效，`tests/mod.rs` 的「左列顺序」那条也会红）。
+    update::GROUP,
+    // M174：助手（AI）配置。同样只追加（下标 = `ai_about::AI_GROUP`），正文走按下标分发。
+    ai_about::GROUP,
+];
+
+/// 演示选中的分组（没有真实外观状态时——`pages_demo` harness——用它）。
+pub(super) const SELECTED: usize = 0;
+
+/// General 分组在 [`GROUPS`] 里的下标（0）。它与 [`SELECTED`] 同值**是巧合，不是依赖**。
+///
+/// 为什么需要它：语言行要的是「当前档位 + 生效语言」（[`super::Language`]），而 `Group.body` 只带
+/// [`States`] 与**生效语言**（`Lang`，M179）——档位 `LangChoice` 装不进去（`States` 也装不下：
+/// 加字段要动 `settings/state.rs` 与 4 处 struct literal，见本文件文档「仍然共享」第 4 条）。
+/// 所以这里做一次**按下标的分发**：代价是一行 `if`，换来 `general::GROUP.body` 仍是 `None`
+/// （`tests/mod.rs` 的「只有外观组带真控件 body」照样成立）。
+pub(super) const GENERAL_GROUP: usize = 0;
+
+/// 左列分组的**显示名** key（下标与 [`GROUPS`] 一一对应，M106）。
+///
+/// 为什么不放进 [`Group`]：那会让另外三组的 `GROUP` 字面量（各自文件、各自填页线）编译不过——
+/// 与 [`GENERAL_GROUP`] 同一条理由。`Group.name` 因此退化为**id**（测试按它认组；显示走这张表）。
+pub(super) const GROUP_LABELS: [unlucky_i18n::Key; 6] = [
+    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupGeneral,
+    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupAppearance,
+    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupJava,
+    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupDownloads,
+    // M159
+    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupUpdate,
+    // M174
+    unlucky_i18n::Key::SettingsGroupAssistant,
+];
+
+/// 「更新」分组在 [`GROUPS`] 里的下标（真源在 `settings/update.rs`，这里只转发）。
+///
+/// 与 [`GENERAL_GROUP`] 同一种做法：这一组要画的是 **presenter 快照**（不在 [`States`] 里），
+/// 所以由 `view` 的 `update` 形参一路递到下标的 [`super::form`] 分发点，`GROUP.body` 保持 `None`。
+pub(super) const UPDATE_GROUP: usize = update::UPDATE_GROUP;
+
+/// 「助手（AI）」分组在 [`GROUPS`] 里的下标（真源在 `settings/ai_about.rs`，这里只转发）。
+///
+/// 与 [`GENERAL_GROUP`] / [`UPDATE_GROUP`] 同一条做法：由 `view` 的 `language` 形参递到 [`super::form`]
+/// 按本下标分发，`GROUP.body` 保持 `None`（本组**尚未**迁到 [`Body`] 槽位：槽位现在带 `Lang` 了，
+/// 迁它要把 `ai::view::body` 的返回值改成 `Option<Element>`，是一次独立重构——M179 不做）。
+pub(super) const AI_GROUP: usize = ai_about::AI_GROUP;
+
+/// 「Java」分组在 [`GROUPS`] 里的下标（真源在 `settings/java.rs`，这里只转发）。
+///
+/// M175 起这一组也按下标分发：它要 `Lang`（中英文案）并且要读后台扫描的快照
+/// （扫描线程不碰 `App`，结论由心跳灌进 `Groups.java`，页面只从 [`States`] 里取）。
+pub(super) const JAVA_GROUP: usize = java::JAVA_GROUP;
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/tests/appearance_section.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/tests/appearance_section.rs
index d628be1..1f87790 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/tests/appearance_section.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/tests/appearance_section.rs
@@ -161,6 +161,7 @@ fn appearance_texts(lang: Lang) -> Vec<(Key, &'static str)> {
             effective: lang,
         },
         &update,
+        None,
     );
 
     probe::take()
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/update.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/update.rs
index 98bdf78..5130e5d 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/update.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/settings/update.rs
@@ -29,6 +29,7 @@ use unlucky_i18n::{Catalog, Key, Lang};
 use unlucky_presenter::dto::human_bytes;
 
 use crate::app::components::buttons::{self, Button};
+use crate::app::components::interaction::Interaction;
 use crate::app::components::selection::{chip, Chip};
 
 use crate::pages::frame::text_role_owned;
@@ -38,7 +39,7 @@ use crate::pages::UpdateAction;
 use crate::theme::Ui;
 
 use super::frame::{card, divider};
-use super::Group;
+use super::{forced_button, Group};
 
 /// 「更新」分组在 [`super::GROUPS`] 里的下标（**必须是最后一个**：加组只追加不重排）。
 pub(super) const UPDATE_GROUP: usize = 4;
@@ -57,7 +58,12 @@ pub(super) const GROUP: Group = Group {
 };
 
 /// 渲染整组正文。
-pub(super) fn body<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, update: &'a Update, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+pub(super) fn body<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    update: &'a Update,
+    lang: Lang,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let catalog = lang.catalog();
     let mut stacked = column![].spacing(0.0).width(Length::Fill);
 
@@ -73,9 +79,9 @@ pub(super) fn body<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, update: &'a Update, lang: Lang) -> Element<'a
         channel_label(catalog, &update.channel),
     ));
     stacked = stacked.push(divider(ui));
-    stacked = stacked.push(auto_check_row(ui, catalog, update));
+    stacked = stacked.push(auto_check_row(ui, catalog, update, forced));
     stacked = stacked.push(divider(ui));
-    stacked = stacked.push(status_block(ui, catalog, update));
+    stacked = stacked.push(status_block(ui, catalog, update, forced));
 
     card(ui, stacked)
 }
@@ -121,12 +127,20 @@ fn info_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, label: &'a str, value: String) -> Element<'a, Messag
 /// **忙碌时「立即检查」置灰**（M161）：此前它永远可点，而 presenter 的 `begin_check` 在
 /// inflight 时静默 `return None`——用户点了没反应，还以为启动器卡了。禁用态与状态行同源
 /// （同一个 [`Update::busy`]）：按钮灰着的时候，下面那句状态行一定是「正在检查…」/「正在安装…」。
-fn auto_check_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, update: &Update) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+fn auto_check_row<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    catalog: Catalog,
+    update: &Update,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let check_now = catalog.text(Key::SettingsUpdateCheckNow);
     let check = if update.can_check() {
         buttons::text(
             ui,
-            Button::new(check_now, Message::Update(UpdateAction::CheckNow)),
+            forced_button(
+                Button::new(check_now, Message::Update(UpdateAction::CheckNow)),
+                forced,
+            ),
         )
     } else {
         buttons::text(ui, Button::disabled(check_now))
@@ -150,7 +164,12 @@ fn auto_check_row<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, update: &Update) -> Element<
 }
 
 /// 上次检查时间 + 结论 + （有候选时）下载按钮 + 说明摘要 + 一句校验提示。
-fn status_block<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, update: &'a Update) -> Element<'a, Message> {
+fn status_block<'a>(
+    ui: &'a Ui,
+    catalog: Catalog,
+    update: &'a Update,
+    forced: Option<Interaction>,
+) -> Element<'a, Message> {
     let mut block = column![].spacing(ui.space(Space::X2)).width(Length::Fill);
 
     let checked = if update.checked_at.trim().is_empty() {
@@ -174,14 +193,17 @@ fn status_block<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, update: &'a Update) -> Element
     });
     block = block.push(text_role_owned(ui, TypeRole::BodySmall, false, text, color));
 
-    if let Some((_version, _size, notes, forced)) = update.available() {
+    if let Some((_version, _size, notes, forced_update)) = update.available() {
         // 有候选就**永远画出**这一颗按钮：忙碌时置灰（`can_apply` = false），而不是整颗消失。
         // 消失会让人以为「装到一半的功能没了」；灰着 + 状态行那句「正在安装…」才说得清。
         let apply_label = catalog.text(Key::SettingsUpdateApply);
         let apply = if update.can_apply() {
             buttons::filled(
                 ui,
-                Button::new(apply_label, Message::Update(UpdateAction::Apply)),
+                forced_button(
+                    Button::new(apply_label, Message::Update(UpdateAction::Apply)),
+                    forced,
+                ),
             )
         } else {
             buttons::filled(ui, Button::disabled(apply_label))
@@ -189,7 +211,7 @@ fn status_block<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, update: &'a Update) -> Element
         let mut actions = row![apply]
             .spacing(ui.space(Space::X2))
             .align_y(Alignment::Center);
-        if forced {
+        if forced_update {
             actions = actions.push(text_role_owned(
                 ui,
                 TypeRole::BodySmall,
@@ -220,9 +242,12 @@ fn status_block<'a>(ui: &'a Ui, catalog: Catalog, update: &'a Update) -> Element
         ));
         block = block.push(buttons::tonal(
             ui,
-            Button::new(
-                catalog.text(Key::UpdateBannerRestartNow),
-                Message::Update(UpdateAction::RestartNow),
+            forced_button(
+                Button::new(
+                    catalog.text(Key::UpdateBannerRestartNow),
+                    Message::Update(UpdateAction::RestartNow),
+                ),
+                forced,
             ),
         ));
     }
diff --git a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/tests/base_wiring.rs b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/tests/base_wiring.rs
index 0743b77..bc39fe3 100644
--- a/crates/app-iced/src/pages/tests/base_wiring.rs
+++ b/crates/app-iced/src/pages/tests/base_wiring.rs
@@ -42,7 +42,7 @@ const WIRED: [(&str, usize); 9] = [
 
 /// 手写样式（不走组件 `.base(..)`）的三处：状态层直接叠在 `frame::BASE.role()` 上。
 const ROLE_SITES: [(&str, usize); 3] = [
-    ("settings/general.rs", 1),
+    ("settings/general/language.rs", 1),
     ("settings/general/theme.rs", 1),
     ("settings/logs_row.rs", 1),
 ];
@@ -88,8 +88,8 @@ fn every_card_internal_control_site_still_passes_a_base() {
             include_str!("../settings/java/download_view.rs"),
         ),
         (
-            "settings/general.rs",
-            include_str!("../settings/general.rs"),
+            "settings/general/language.rs",
+            include_str!("../settings/general/language.rs"),
         ),
         (
             "settings/general/theme.rs",