diff --git a/app/src/main/assets/h5/js/webapp/topbar.js b/app/src/main/assets/h5/js/webapp/topbar.js
index 32ab714..e48d09f 100644
--- a/app/src/main/assets/h5/js/webapp/topbar.js
+++ b/app/src/main/assets/h5/js/webapp/topbar.js
@@ -12,18 +12,25 @@ window.showTopbar = function (tabs) {
   if (!bar) {
     bar = document.createElement('div');
     bar.id = 'web-topbar';
-    bar.innerHTML = `
-      <button id="tb-back" title="回退">←</button>
-      <button id="tb-fwd" title="前进">→</button>
-      <button id="tb-reload" title="重载">⟳</button>
-      <span class="tb-title" id="tb-title"></span>
-      <button id="tb-tabs"></button>`;
+    const back = document.createElement('button');
+    back.id = 'tb-back'; back.title = '回退'; back.textContent = '←';
+    const fwd = document.createElement('button');
+    fwd.id = 'tb-fwd'; fwd.title = '前进'; fwd.textContent = '→';
+    const reload = document.createElement('button');
+    reload.id = 'tb-reload'; reload.title = '重载'; reload.textContent = '⟳';
+    const title = document.createElement('span');
+    title.className = 'tb-title'; title.id = 'tb-title';
+    const tabsBtn = document.createElement('button');
+    tabsBtn.id = 'tb-tabs';
+    bar.append(back, fwd, reload, title, tabsBtn);
     document.body.appendChild(bar);
-    document.getElementById('tb-back').onclick = () => bridge.call('webGoBack');
-    document.getElementById('tb-fwd').onclick = () => bridge.call('webGoForward');
-    document.getElementById('tb-reload').onclick = () => bridge.call('webReload');
-    document.getElementById('tb-tabs').onclick = () => showTabPanel(tabs);
+    back.onclick = () => bridge.call('webGoBack');
+    fwd.onclick = () => bridge.call('webGoForward');
+    reload.onclick = () => bridge.call('webReload');
   }
+  // 每次刷新都重绑，避免捕获旧 tabs（陈旧闭包）
+  // Rebind on every refresh to avoid capturing stale tabs (stale closure)
+  document.getElementById('tb-tabs').onclick = () => showTabPanel(tabs);
   document.getElementById('tb-tabs').textContent = `标签 (${tabs.length})`;
   const active = tabs.find(t => t.active);
   document.getElementById('tb-title').textContent = active ? active.name : '';
@@ -31,6 +38,8 @@ window.showTopbar = function (tabs) {
 
 // 标签面板：列出所有标签，点击切换，× 关闭
 // Tab panel: list all tabs, click to switch, × to close
+// 用 createElement + textContent/dataset 渲染，避免 innerHTML 拼接用户数据（XSS）
+// Render with createElement + textContent/dataset to avoid innerHTML user data (XSS)
 function showTabPanel(tabs) {
   let panel = document.getElementById('tab-panel');
   if (!panel) {
@@ -38,15 +47,22 @@ function showTabPanel(tabs) {
     panel.id = 'tab-panel';
     document.body.appendChild(panel);
   }
-  panel.innerHTML = tabs.map(t => `
-    <div class="tab-row ${t.active ? 'active' : ''}" data-id="${t.id}">
-      <span class="tab-name">${t.name}</span>
-      <button class="tab-close" title="关闭">×</button>
-    </div>`).join('');
-  panel.querySelectorAll('.tab-row').forEach(row => {
-    const id = row.dataset.id;
-    row.querySelector('.tab-name').onclick = () => { bridge.call('switchTab', id); closeTabPanel(); };
-    row.querySelector('.tab-close').onclick = () => bridge.call('closeWebApp', id);
+  panel.textContent = '';
+  tabs.forEach(t => {
+    const row = document.createElement('div');
+    row.className = 'tab-row' + (t.active ? ' active' : '');
+    row.dataset.id = t.id;
+    const name = document.createElement('span');
+    name.className = 'tab-name';
+    name.textContent = t.name;
+    const close = document.createElement('button');
+    close.className = 'tab-close';
+    close.title = '关闭';
+    close.textContent = '×';
+    name.onclick = () => { bridge.call('switchTab', t.id); closeTabPanel(); };
+    close.onclick = () => bridge.call('closeWebApp', t.id);
+    row.append(name, close);
+    panel.appendChild(row);
   });
   panel.style.display = 'block';
 }